46 results about "Calorimetry" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of fire science and computer vision, in particular to a long-term fire heat release rate prediction method based on fire scene image recognition. The method comprises the following steps: selecting a plurality of groups of fire video data from an NIST fire calorimetric database, preprocessing the fire video data, and extracting key image frames from image frames corresponding to the selected fire video data by adopting a dense frame extraction mode, the HRR prediction method comprises the following steps: extracting a plurality of key image frames, marking the heat release rate of the corresponding key image frames, establishing a deep learning model based on Bi-LSTM and Attention mechanisms, inputting the plurality of extracted key image frames into the deep learning model, extracting spatial-temporal characteristics by the deep learning model, and generating an HRR prediction value corresponding to a future fire image. According to the method, the time sequence features and the spatial features of the fire scene image sequence are extracted, and the attention mechanism and the backbone architecture of the bidirectional long-short-term memory network are combined, so that the high-precision prediction of the long-time history and the long-time-history heat release rate of the fire can be realized.

A respiratory monitoring system with improved detection of oxygen consumption is described. The system uses one or two mixing chambers and samples gases at selective locations for reliable detection of oxygen over extended periods of time with autonomous detection of calibration drift. The system can be used for indirect calorimetry and monitoring health of a subject.

The application discloses an online data analysis method and system for fusion radiation calorimetric diagnosis, and belongs to the technical field of nuclear fusion experiments. The method firstly establishes a fusion radiation calorimetric diagnosis expert rule base based on multi-dimensional parameter data fusion, creates a paging man-machine interface and a unified canvas framework embedded in the interface homepage; then, a current discharge gun number is acquired online, multi-signal source time sequence data is acquired from a current pulse tree of a remote pulse database and stored into a local pulse library; then, data is processed and analyzed according to diagnostic expert rules, automatic identification and compensation of abnormal channels of the diagnosis are realized, and radiation intensity and total radiation power are calculated online; finally, various signal data are integrated and visualized under the unified canvas framework; the system realizes an efficient radiation calorimetric diagnosis online data analysis method and provides reliable data support for fusion experiments.

The application discloses an adiabatic accelerating calorimetry method with fast reaction heat loss correction. The application realizes more accurate calculation of sample reaction kinetics and thermodynamics by compensating the convection and conduction heat loss in the fast reaction stage; differential equations are derived and solved from the perspective of heat balance by using heat transfer analysis; a new heat loss calibration mode is added, the HWS heating stage is divided into two parts, the convection heat loss coefficient is calibrated by tracking the reaction system temperature by controlling the cover temperature in the first part, and the conduction heat loss coefficient is calibrated by controlling the constant temperature of the furnace body in the second part; the linear fitting and interpolation method are used to solve the relationship between the heat loss coefficient and the temperature in the reaction process; and finally, the heat loss in the reaction process is integrated to compensate the sample heat release. The application improves the accuracy and reliability of the solution of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.

The application provides a lead-free relaxor ferroelectric solid solution and a preparation method thereof. The chemical composition of the lead-free relaxor ferroelectric solid solution is 0.9((1-x)BaTi 0.8 Zr 0.2 O3-xBa 0.65 Sr 0.35 TiO3)-0.1BaTiO3-y% MgO, wherein x represents a molar coefficient, y represents a mass fraction, 0.2<=x<=0.8, and 0 In the application, BZT, BST and BT ferroelectric bodies are combined, the BT ferroelectric body with high polarization intensity is introduced to improve the polarization behavior of the ceramic, and the electric calorimetric variation, the energy storage density and the pyroelectric current of the system are significantly improved; the MgO nano powder is introduced at the interface of the ternary combined lead-free relaxor ferroelectric solid solution, a barrier layer can be formed and an electric field amplification effect can be generated, so that the breakdown field strength is increased, and the electric calorimetry and the energy storage characteristics are improved.

The invention relates to an application of differential scanning calorimetry in ambrotone quality control. Specifically, the invention provides a method for determining ambrotone, and the method comprises the step of determining an ambrotone sample by a differential scanning calorimetry. The method disclosed by the invention can be used for measuring the content of ambrotone, so that the method is used for controlling the quality of ambrotone, the differential scanning calorimetry has the advantages of rapidness, high efficiency, simplicity in operation, good reproducibility and the like, and the establishment of the method provides a rapid and efficient analysis method for controlling the quality of ambrotone. The important significance is realized on the application of ambrotone.

A computer-implemented method for obtaining a Q10 value for accelerated ageing tests of a product, comprising: obtaining at least one Q10 value of a first product; performing differential scanning calorimetry on the first product; determining the ratio of semicrystalline chain structure to amorphous chain structure present in the product, using the differential scanning calorimeter analysis data of the first product; determining the ratio of semicrystalline chain structure to amorphous chain structure present in a second product using differential scanning calorimetry; predicting the Q10 value of a second material using (i) the Q10 value of the first product, (ii) the determined ratio of semicrystalline chain structure to amorphous chain structure present in the first product, and (iii) the determined ratio of semicrystalline chain structure to amorphous chain structure present in the second product. The disclosure also relates to other inventive methods for determining Q10 values including a method for determining a Q10 value of a product comprising multiple materials, a method for determining a Q10 value by making a comparison with historical Q10 values in a database, and a method using time temperature superposition.

This invention discloses a comprehensive evaluation method for the fire hazard of materials. It classifies the fire hazard of materials into three categories: ignition hazard, thermal hazard, and non-thermal hazard. Based on experimental data obtained from UL-94 vertical burning tests, limiting oxygen index tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry, a material fire hazard evaluation index system and its weights are determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Subsequently, the experimental data are processed using an ideal solution method, and the relative similarity between the tested material and high fire hazard conditions is calculated. This data is then normalized and converted into a comprehensive fire hazard index score. This invention enables quantitative evaluation of material fire hazards and provides a theoretical basis for the selection of flame retardants and the optimization of material systems.

The present invention discloses a method and system for simulating minute mass changes during the preparation of a high-nickel cathode material. The method comprises the following steps: subdividing the two main reaction processes of the high-nickel cathode material based on chemical reaction mechanisms and expert knowledge; studying the precursor element and the lithium source LiOH·H2O element involved in the sintering process of the high-nickel cathode material based on the segmented results; obtaining the particle number variation pattern of each chemical substance based on the Arrhenius formula and reaction kinetics formula in combination with corresponding experimental data; studying the differences between the reaction processes of the element and the mixture based on data and information from non-isothermal thermogravimetric experiments and differential scanning calorimetry thermal analysis experiments; and finding the coupling parts between the reactions based on the differences between the two types of element reactions and the mixture reactions in combination with mechanism analysis; studying the coupling parts, and proposing a modeling method for the corresponding coupling parts based on experimental data and chemical mechanisms. The variation relationship of the reaction coupling parts at different heating rates is obtained, and a parameter identification method is used to solve the parameters within the functional relationship obtained for each reaction coupling part.

The invention discloses a method for analyzing and predicting the retarding performance of sulphoaluminate cement, and relates to the technical field of building materials, which comprises the following steps: characterizing the mineral composition of cement through XRF, screening out retarders such as boric acid or citric acid / sodium gluconate and the like, and testing the compatibility of the retarders with a water reducing agent and environmental factors; monitoring a hydration dynamic process and a slurry dispersion state by using an isothermal calorimetric method and Zeta potential; the setting time and strength are tested according to the national standard, and special verification is carried out for a negative temperature environment (sodium nitrite and dimethyl sulfoxide are compounded at the temperature of-10 DEG C, and the sand-cement ratio is 1: 1.5) and ocean engineering (the corrosion resistance coefficient K28 is required to be larger than 0.85, and the strength loss is smaller than 15%); microstructural analysis is carried out through XRD / SEM, and the morphology and pore change of ettringite are observed. The prediction method comprises the following steps: establishing a multiple linear regression empirical model based on an orthogonal test to predict the coagulation time; constructing a micro-mechanical model to accurately predict the low-temperature tensile strength; and adopting random forest algorithm machine learning to assist in optimizing retarder combination selection.

The application discloses a method for determining actual constant-pressure combustion temperature of solid propellant by a calorimetric method, and comprises the following steps: calculating the combustion efficiency of the propellant and an initial value of the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature; calculating the average value of the initial value of the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature and a theoretical constant-pressure combustion temperature, and calculating the first iteration combustion efficiency of the propellant; calculating the average value of the first iteration value of the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature and the theoretical constant-pressure combustion temperature, and calculating the second iteration combustion efficiency of the propellant; and the like until the residual error between the nth iteration combustion efficiency of the propellant and the combustion efficiency of the propellant is less than a predetermined value, and the combustion temperature corresponding to the nth iteration combustion efficiency of the propellant is taken as the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature. According to the correlation between the measured constant-pressure explosion heat value, the theoretical constant-pressure explosion heat value, the theoretical constant-pressure combustion temperature and the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature of the propellant, the actual constant-pressure combustion temperature of the propellant is measured by the calorimetric method and the iteration method.

The application belongs to the technical field of radionuclide measurement, and particularly relates to a constant-temperature high-precision radioactivity micro-heat device capable of rapid measurement, which comprises a high-precision constant-temperature unit and a rapid calorimetry unit. The high-precision constant-temperature unit comprises a shell, a constant-temperature water bath layer, an adiabatic layer and a temperature control layer, and is used for keeping a constant-temperature environment and reducing the influence of external environmental temperature fluctuation. The rapid calorimetry unit is located in the high-precision constant-temperature unit and comprises a calorimetry chamber and a calorimetry cup group and a thermocouple group arranged in the calorimetry chamber. The application adopts a double-cup type isothermal heat flow design to eliminate the fluctuation of parasitic potential, the refrigeration device can controllably adjust the cold end temperature, the adiabatic layer and the temperature control layer are arranged alternately to effectively improve the temperature control precision, the unique heat conduction insulation design between the calorimetry cup groups and the high-thermal-conductivity liquid strategy greatly reduce the heat balance time. The application has the characteristics of high-precision constant-temperature and rapid calorimetry, and is very suitable for precise measurement of medical isotope activity.

This invention relates to the field of space X-ray optics technology, specifically to a method for achieving calorimetric coaxial confocal focusing in X-ray optical systems. This method enables high-precision assembly of multi-layered nested X-ray focusing optical systems, effectively eliminating the thermal effects of temperature changes and meeting the application requirements under varying space temperature conditions. The invention utilizes a high-precision optical mold as a reference and employs a high-precision optical welding method to achieve high-precision coaxial confocal assembly of multi-layered nested X-ray focusing optical systems, effectively improving assembly efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, by effectively matching the thermal expansion coefficients of the optical and supporting materials, the thermal effects of temperature changes in the X-ray optical system are effectively eliminated, ensuring its suitability for applications under varying space temperature conditions.

The invention discloses a lithium ion battery thermal characteristic parameter in-situ test method based on isothermal calorimetry. The invention aims to solve the problems of discrete measurement points, long consumed time and the like caused by offline measurement in the existing battery thermal characteristic parameter testing method. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, building a battery isothermal heat measuring device, and providing a thermal characteristic parameter in-situ test method according to an equivalent heat transfer model; secondly, carrying out a charge-discharge experiment on the battery by using a small-rate current, and successively superposing cosine modulation powers with different frequencies in the flexible heating sheets on the upper and lower sides to realize measurement of modulation heat flow in the charge-discharge process; and finally, performing fast Fourier transform, complex plane solution, model parameter identification and other means on the response voltage signal and the excitation current signal under the multi-frequency cosine modulation power to obtain thermal characteristic parameters such as thermal capacity and heat conductivity coefficient of the battery under the whole charge state distribution. According to the invention, the synchronous in-situ measurement of the charge-discharge heat production power, the heat capacity and the heat conductivity coefficient along with the change of the charge-discharge depth of the battery is realized.

This invention relates to the field of engineering thermophysical testing technology and discloses a method for measuring thermophysical parameters in the construction of a multi-phase model for the thawing of frozen coal in trains. The method first obtains the convective heat transfer coefficient of the train body surface as a function of the convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature through wind tunnel experiments and inversion using Newton's law of cooling. Second, it prepares standard frozen coal samples maintaining a multi-phase structure of ice, coal, and air using vacuum freezing sample preparation technology, and then uses a combination of laser flash calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry to accurately measure the equivalent thermal conductivity, equivalent specific heat capacity, and latent heat of phase change of the frozen coal at low temperatures. Finally, it outputs a complete package of thermophysical parameters. This invention solves the problem of inaccurate thermophysical property measurements caused by the multi-phase characteristics of frozen coal, providing an accurate and reliable data foundation for constructing a high-fidelity thawing simulation model, and significantly improving the accuracy and reliability of simulation design.

The application discloses a kind of regularized constraint heat transfer coefficient dynamic determination method and system.The application introduces sine oscillation in jacket temperature, data is divided into sliding window;Linear model containing low-frequency term and simple harmonic term of the same frequency is constructed in window, and the energy balance equation is established by extracting the same frequency complex amplitude;Further, the least square target function with regularization term is constructed with the estimation value of the previous window as prior, and the non-negative constraint based on the interpolation of the boundary before and after reaction is applied, and the UA dynamic evaluation is realized by cyclic solution.The application effectively decouples non-steady-state drift and noise, suppresses numerical mutation, obtains smoother and more physical law heat transfer coefficient and heat release rate result, and significantly improves the robustness of complex reaction process calorimetry.

A method for thermal safety risk assessment of benzoic acid reduction reaction, comprising: performing thermal stability test on benzoic acid, reducing agent and catalyst; mixing the reducing agent with at least two candidate solvents and performing differential scanning calorimetry test to evaluate compatibility and screen target solvents, and then performing thermal analysis on the reaction liquid of the target system; using a full-automatic chemical synthesis reactor to carry out reaction calorimetry and gas release synchronous characterization, obtaining process data of feeding, heat release, temperature, heat conversion rate and gas, and calculating total heat release, specific heat release, adiabatic temperature rise and MTSR; using an adiabatic accelerating calorimeter to perform secondary decomposition test on the reaction completion liquid to determine Td24 and TMR ad ; comprehensively performing decomposition heat, severity, possibility, risk matrix and process hazard degree assessment, outputting acceptability conclusion and control suggestion; and determining and verifying the thermal stability of the product, realizing thermal safety assessment closed loop.

The invention discloses a liquid-phase organic reaction apparent dynamics modeling method based on a reaction calorimetry, and belongs to the technical field of chemical reaction engineering, and the method comprises the following steps: S10, obtaining a real-time reaction heat release rate in a reaction process, carrying out noise reduction processing on original heat flow data through a data smoothing algorithm, and obtaining concentration data of each component after each group of reaction is finished; s20, analyzing a reaction mechanism and a reaction path according to a reaction type, reaction conditions and reaction process characteristics; establishing a reaction kinetics ordinary differential equation set according to the target reaction formula; and S30, performing global search in the parameter space by taking the genetic algorithm as an optimization framework main body so as to search a parameter combination enabling the target function to be optimal, and obtaining a final optimization result. According to the method, accurate apparent kinetic parameters are obtained, and a model prediction result is highly matched with experimental data, so that a reliable theoretical basis is provided for reaction process optimization, amplification and safety control.

The invention discloses a dynamic evaluation method and system for a UHPC hydration heat regulation effect, particularly relates to the technical field of material thermophysical property testing, and is used for solving the problem of temperature rise curve distortion caused by heat loss compensation delay in the process of measuring UHPC violent hydration heat release by an existing adiabatic calorimetric method. The method comprises the following steps: generating a time-temperature sequence by collecting sample temperature data, obtaining a wavelet energy spectrum entropy sequence through continuous wavelet transform, analyzing a dynamic response relationship of temperature signals at different positions in a high heat release time period to obtain time delay characteristics, and comprehensively judging a temperature rise rate mutation time period according to characteristic mutation and delay characteristic change. And calculating a heat loss compensation deviation based on an actually measured temperature difference, and finally dynamically correcting a temperature sequence to generate an accurate hydration temperature rise curve. The method can effectively identify the measurement deviation caused by the response lag of the instrument, and improves the accuracy and reliability of the hydration heat evaluation result.

This invention discloses a chemical reaction pattern recognition method based on the combined use of infrared spectroscopy and reaction calorimetry. This invention establishes kinetic models for different reaction types based on reaction kinetics principles, improving pattern recognition accuracy and model interpretability while generating massive amounts of infrared spectral and reaction calorimetric data. This avoids experimental costs and time expenditure, providing effective data support for the study of reaction kinetics principles. This invention sets up independent encoders to extract key features for each modality, and further employs a Transformer architecture to achieve cross-modal collaborative perception. Based on deep feature fusion, modal task weight vectors and modal input confidence vectors are generated simultaneously. From the perspectives of the global task and the current sample, the contribution of each modality and the real-time reliability of the input data are evaluated, achieving accurate identification and classification of chemical reaction patterns.

This invention discloses a method for predicting the temperature field and crack resistance of large-volume concrete. Firstly, this invention establishes a method for calculating the heat source function based on isothermal calorimetry combined with the exothermic reaction of cementitious materials and the Arrhenius equation, thus improving the calculation process for the temperature field of large-volume concrete. Furthermore, previous studies mostly relied on solving the strain field based on the degree of hydration, but the degree of hydration cannot be accurately calculated; this problem can be solved by using maturity theory. Compared with traditional methods, this invention can more accurately predict the temperature and strain development of large-volume concrete, improving temperature prediction accuracy by 5%–52% and strain prediction accuracy by 18%–43%.

The application provides an automatic control high-temperature-resistant micro reaction pool stirring device, which is used for stirring control of materials in a micro cylindrical reaction pool in a high-temperature furnace chamber of a rapid screening calorimeter of a standard test equipment, and is characterized by comprising a magnetic driving unit, a reaction pool unit and a magnetic adsorption base. The application can effectively eliminate the temperature gradient negative effect from the wall surface and the interface of the materials in the heterogeneous reaction system calorimetric process, and is suitable for a heterogeneous liquid-liquid and liquid-solid reaction system. The application can realize intermittent and semi-intermittent synthesis reaction calorimetry, meet the test requirements of the stirring of the synthesis process sample at high temperature, and expand the application of the rapid screening calorimeter equipment. The electromagnetic stirring device is started by adjusting the rotating magnet connected with the PLC, the motor speed is adjusted by using the computer and the speed knob, the magnetic force of the rotating magnet is controlled, and the stirring sub in the micro reaction pool is driven to rotate.

The application provides a reaction runaway micro-characterization method, a characterization device and a characterization system. The micro-characterization method comprises the following steps: constructing a closed space three-dimensional molecular model of a reaction system; performing reaction runaway simulation calculation on the closed space three-dimensional molecular model by using reaction force field parameters to obtain reaction runaway simulation calculation results; detecting the change of the molecular functional groups of reactants in the reaction runaway of the reaction system by using adiabatic calorimetry, and determining characteristic intermediates in the reaction runaway; extracting reaction runaway simulation calculation results matched with the change of the molecular functional groups and the characteristic intermediates to obtain reaction runaway characterization data; and determining the micro-molecular evolution path and secondary decomposition products in the reaction runaway according to the reaction runaway characterization data, so as to micro-characterize the reaction runaway. By the method provided by the application, the micro-molecular evolution path and the secondary decomposition products in the reaction runaway can be obtained, and a new micro-level method for online detection and characterization of the reaction runaway is provided.

The present invention provides a continuous-flow dynamic titration calorimeter incorporating microfluidics and machine learning-based correction, and a method for using same. An apparatus comprises: a thermal insulation apparatus, used for accommodating a calorimetric structure, performing thermal insulation on the calorimetric structure, collecting the ambient temperature of the calorimetric structure, and transmitting the ambient temperature to a control and signal processing system; and the calorimetric structure, comprising a material preheating aluminum block and a constant-temperature aluminum block that are arranged at the left and right sides, wherein a material inlet / outlet connection block A is provided in a front slot of the material preheating aluminum block, a material inlet / outlet connection block B is provided in a rear slot of the material preheating aluminum block, a thermoelectric generator sheet A is provided at a front part of the constant-temperature aluminum block, a thermoelectric generator sheet B is provided at a rear part of the constant-temperature aluminum block, and a thin film heating sheet is provided above the thermoelectric generator sheet A. The technical solution of the present invention integrates microfluidics, thermoelectric power-generation measurement, and machine learning-based correction, and provides a low-cost, miniaturized and high-precision continuous-flow dynamic titration calorimetry method.

The invention discloses a reaction calorimetry testing method and device for a high-energy-release continuous reaction system, and belongs to the technical field of chemical safety technologies and engineerings.The method comprises the steps that S10, raw materials are continuously added into a sample reactor, the reaction retention time is controlled through the feeding speed, voltage fluctuation of a blank reactor serves as a base line, and the reaction calorimetry of the high-energy-release continuous reaction system is tested in a constant-temperature mode; a system voltage signal deviation baseline value U in the reaction process is collected in real time; s20, converting the voltage value into a power value P (U) through system setting; and S30, converting the real-time voltage signal deviating from the baseline value U into a power value, and calculating the reaction heat release rate q and the apparent reaction heat Qm when the heat flow of the reaction system is stable. The heat released in the reaction process can be quickly led out, the system temperature is kept stable and constant as far as possible, and the safety of personnel and equipment in the reaction process is ensured.

The invention discloses an online data analysis method and system for fusion radiation quantity heat diagnosis, and belongs to the technical field of nuclear fusion experiments. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a fusion radiation quantity thermal diagnosis expert rule base based on multi-dimensional parameter data fusion, and creating a paging man-machine interface and a unified canvas framework nested in a home page of the interface; acquiring a current discharge shot number on line, acquiring multi-signal-source time sequence data from a current pulse tree of a remote pulse database, and storing the multi-signal-source time sequence data in a local pulse database; processing and analyzing data according to a diagnosis expert rule, automatically identifying and compensating an abnormal channel of the diagnosis, and calculating the radiation intensity and the total radiation power on line; and finally, integrating and visualizing various signal data under a unified canvas framework. According to the system, an efficient radiation quantity heat diagnosis online data analysis method is realized, and reliable data support is provided for fusion experiments.

The objective is to provide a fluororesin composition that has properties suitable for melt extrusion molding, and that can produce molded articles with high mechanical strength and a low oxygen permeability coefficient. [Solution] A fluororesin composition comprising (A) PFA, (B) a first low molecular weight PTFE, and (C) a second low molecular weight PTFE, wherein the melt flow rate at 372°C is in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 g / 10 min, and in a DSC chart obtained when calorimetry is performed by a predetermined process using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), there is an endothermic peak 1 with a peak top in the temperature range of 310°C to 330°C, and an endothermic peak 2 with a peak top in a temperature range lower than that of endothermic peak 1, and the ratio of the heights of endothermic peak 1 and endothermic peak 2 (height of endothermic peak 1 (W / g) ÷ height of endothermic peak 2 (W / g)) is 1 or more and 50 or less.

An open calorimetry system comprising an active vessel, a passive vessel, and a first and second heat flux detector in thermal communication with the active vessel and passive vessel respectively. A thermal reservoir is connected to the first heat flux detector and the second heat flux detector, wherein data from the heat flux detectors is used in a differential analysis resulting in an energy measurement of an article in the active vessel.

This invention relates to the field of screening technology for welding materials, specifically disclosing a method for screening indium-containing alloy welding materials. Based on first-principles calculations using density functional theory, high-precision structural relaxation yields the basic phase information of each crystal structure in the TM1-In-TM2 system. The thermal properties of the binary crystal structure in the TM1-In-TM2 system are calculated. Furthermore, combined with the CALPHAD model, a thermodynamic model of the ternary alloy system is established. The stability and eutectic point of the TM1-In-TM2 system are analyzed, and five low-melting-point eutectic indium-containing alloy welding materials are screened out. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to experimentally verify the calculated five ternary alloy systems. The hardness and conductivity of some samples are tested using an HV-1000A microhardness tester and a high-precision Seebeck coefficient and resistivity tester. The results show that the calculated values ​​are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. The proportions of the components of each low-melting-point eutectic indium-containing alloy welding material are discovered for the first time, exhibiting advantages such as low melting point, high powder quality, and no adhesion.

A soldering material is specified that allows joining at 250 °C or less and has a heat resistance of 180 °C or more. A solder material (14) contains Sn, Zn and Al as its main components. The solder material (14) exhibits two endothermic peaks in differential dynamic calorimetry, and a first alloy phase (11) with an endothermic peak in a range of 190 °C or higher and lower than 230 °C and a second alloy phase (12) with an endothermic peak in a range of 240 °C or higher and lower than 380 °C coexist.