43 results about "Hot stage" patented technology

The present invention provides a hot stage for small-angle scattering experiment. The hot stage includes an intake passage, a sealed window, a translucent window, an exhaust passage, a heating layer package wall, a heating layer, a sample chamber and a sample clamp layer. The hot stage for small angle scattering experiment has thermal station temperature in the range of -40 to 1200 DEG C; and the connecting lines between two end ports of the sample chamber and the edges of the transparent window have included angle of 4- 90 DEG with the axial parallel of the sample chamber. Surrounding heating on the sample chamber by the heating layer ensures uniform heating of the sample, and avoids the effects of the heating layer on neutron and X-ray path. The sealed window and translucent window uses quartz glass, sapphire or Kapton film with high transmittance of neutrons and X-rays, so as to achieve high transmittance of neutrons and X-ray, and ensure normal operation of the neutron and X-ray small-angle scattering experiments.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-flexible light W18O49 electrochromic film. The method includes: dissolving a polydopamine / alginic acid compound in a water / ethanol mixed solution to obtain a mixed solution, dispersing silver nanowires and W18O49 nanowires in the mixed solution respectively to obtain a spraying liquid A containing silver nanowires and polydopamine / alginic acid and a spraying liquid B containing W18O49 nanowires and polydopamine / alginic acid; mixing PEDOT:PSS water solution with anhydrous ethanol to obtain a PEDOT:PSS diluent; placing a PET film on a hot stage, arranging an airbrush above the PET film vertically, and under nitrogen pressure, spraying the spraying liquid A, the PEDOT:PSS diluent and the spraying liquid B to the PET film in order, thus obtaining the high-flexible light W18O49 electrochromic film. The method provided by the invention is simple and is suitable for large area preparation, realizes high bendability and light weight of an electrochromic film electrode, and enlarges the range of application.

A microscope hot stage and sample pool system used for electrochemistry in-situ Raman spectrum measurement comprises a hot stage body, a hot stage cover, a sealed cabin, silicon carbide rods, a sample pool and a base. An insulating layer is arranged on the inner side of the bottom of the hot stage body. A heat preservation layer is arranged on the insulating layer. The sealed cabin and the silicon carbide rods are arranged on the upper portion of the heat preservation layer. The silicon carbide rods surround the sealed cabin. A heat preservation layer is arranged between the silicon carbide rods and the inner wall of the hot stage body. The sample pool is arranged in the sealed cabin. A base installation hole for a base upper supporting column to be inserted therein, silicon carbide rod wire through holes, a thermocouple wire through hole and an electrode wire through hole are formed in the outer side of the bottom of the hot stage body. By means of the microscope hot stage and sample pool system, protection gas can be introduced, the sealed cabin allowing samples to be dynamically added is used in cooperation with the sample pool, the silicon carbide rods convenient to install and high in heating amount are used as heating bodies, a cooling pore way with the L-shaped section is designed on the hot stage cover, cooling gas can be introduced at any time to cool a microscope lens, and advantages are provided for high-temperature fused salt Raman tests due to the design.

The invention discloses a cold-hot stage type high-speed calorimeter capable of being combined with other microstructure characterization techniques, and relates to the phase and microstructure analysis device technology field. The cold-hot stage type high-speed calorimeter includes a sample chamber having a light transmission transparent window and a light reflection transparent window on the wall, a cold-hot stage having the interior including a heating element and a refrigerant circulation pipeline for controlling the temperature and having a transmission hole, a sample chamber temperature control system and a high-speed calorimetric system. The cold-hot stage type high-speed calorimeter has the advantages that: 1, the high-speed calorimetric system having the temperature rising / dropping rate is miniaturized to the cold-hot stage, and with utilization of the reflection window, the transmission window and the cold-hot stage transmission hole, on-site combination of calorimetry and microstructure characterization are carried out; and 2, response is rapid through programmable control, sample temperature disturbance caused by incident light in structure measurement is dynamically compensated, the sample temperature is stabilized, thereby being conveniently used for researches on a metastable state.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a hemihydrate gypsum gel material and gypsum products on line by using phosphogypsum at a hot stage. The method comprises the following steps: 1) phosphogypsum hot-state on-line processing process: scrubbing phosphogypsum discharged on line by using a water scrubbing process in the presence of a modifier and dehydrating to obtain phosphogypsum slurry; 2) phosphogypsum hot-state on-line hydrothermal preparation process: sufficiently mixing the phosphogypsum slurry with an activity agent and a crystal modifier to form material slurry and carrying out normal-pressure dynamic heat preservation reaction on the slurry material; carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain hemihydrate gypsum slurry, wherein the scrubbing solution can be recycled after being treated; and 3) on-line preparation process of the hemihydrate gypsum gel material: washing the hemihydrate gypsum slurry with hot water, filtering and drying to obtain hemihydrate gypsum powder; or on-line preparation process of the phosphogypsum products: washing the hemihydrate gypsum slurry, filtering and directly preparing into building blocks, gypsum boards and other products online. The method has the advantages that the flotation process of phosphogypsum ore is omitted and phosphogypsum generated by a phosphorus chemical industry production line can be directly subjected to a normal-pressure hydrothermal reaction.

The invention discloses a frictional power generation device of a driving vehicle brake. The frictional power generation device of the driving vehicle brake comprises a hot end, a cold end, a high-current voltage booster and a vehicle-mounted power-consuming device which are connected with one another in sequence through lead wires, wherein the power generation device utilizes a thermoelectric couple device structure capable of generating power by using temperature difference; core elements only need two different metal conductor materials; other auxiliary components are frequently-used electrical components. The frictional power generation device of the driving vehicle brake is relatively simple in structure and liable to implement and is capable of assisting the driving safety, effectively leading the brake friction out and converting the brake friction in time, thereby ensuring that the braking efficiency of the vehicle brake system is not quickly reduced and avoiding the traffic accidents caused by the braking failure to a certain extent; in addition, the power generation device is simple in structure and can be manufactured after being conventionally designed; through the adoption of reliable performance and low cost, the power generation device of the driving vehicle brake can quickly occupy the market and play own role on account of the state of economic development period of China at present and the hot stage of the freight business.

A self-inspection system for a 3D printer, the invention is a technical field of the 3D printer. In order to enable 3D printing to be carried out based on the actual situation of the hot table, the present invention installs a laser emitting head and a photoelectric receiving array on the print head, processes or installs a reflective mirror on the hot table, and the laser beam is not perpendicular to the reflective mirror and is transmitted by The reflective mirror surface is reflected to the photoelectric receiving array for reception, and the computer drives the printing head, laser emitting head and photoelectric receiving array through the positioning system to detect the distance of the smallest three reflective mirrors in different places on the heating table, and the computer uses the detection results of the photoelectric receiving array as the basis Recalculate the printing data, so that the printing data can be 3D printed based on the actual situation of the heating table; All technical problems and adverse effects caused by the deviation between the heating stage plane and the positioning system in the prior art are eliminated.

The invention discloses a fiber stretching heating stage and a small angle laser scattering instrument using the fiber stretching heating stage. The fiber stretching heating stage comprises a body anda mechanical stretching device arranged on the body, wherein the mechanical stretching device comprises a fixing unit and an adjusting unit; high polymer fiber material samples are fixed on a first fixing end and a second fixing end of the mechanical stretching device, the first fixing end and / or the second fixing end can move relative to each other along a connecting line, and the high polymer fiber material samples are stretched along with relative movement of the first fixing end and / or the second fixing end; and the adjusting unit is arranged at the first fixing end and / or the second fixing end and drives the first fixing end and / or the second fixing end to move. The small angle laser scattering instrument comprises the fiber stretching heating stage, laser equipment, a polarizing device, a camera shooting device and analytical equipment. According to the fiber stretching heating stage and the small angle laser scattering instrument disclosed by the invention, corresponding changes of a spherulitic growth process and corresponding change data and maps of small angle laser scattering patterns can be observed, analyzed and collected when the length of a to-be-detected sample isstretched to be changed.

The invention discloses a method for treating the back surface of an antimony selenide thin film solar cell. The method comprises the steps of putting an antimony selenide thin film cell on a hot stage; then dripping an ErCl3 solution onto the back surface of the antimony selenide cell to cover the back surface, and standing the cell for a period of time; and finally, putting the cell on a coating machine, cleaning the cell with deionized water, and spin-drying the cell, thus obtaining an antimony selenide thin film solar cell having the back surface treated. The method can effectively reduce the contact resistance of a back electrode, promote the collection of photon-generated carriers, improve the fill factor and further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the antimony selenide thin film solar cell. The method simply and effectively improves the back contact characteristic of the antimony selenide cell, thus improving the photoelectric conversion performance of the cell and providing a technical support for the development of thin film cells.

The crop straw medium density fiberboard using natural rubber, the raw materials include crop straw fiber, adhesive, waterproof and lubricant, flame retardant, and the adhesive is natural rubber, including vegetable glue and animal glue. Water repellants and lubricants are natural waxes, stearic acid or stearate salts. Flame retardants are non-toxic and harmless flame retardants. The proportion of various raw materials by weight is: crop straw fiber 75% to 93%, binder 1% to 8% (dry), waterproof and lubricant 0.5% to 8%, flame retardant 5.5% to 23.5% . Various raw materials are mixed, sizing, paving, pre-pressing, hot-pressing, and trimming to make finished products, and microwaves are used for auxiliary heating in the hot-pressing stage. The crop straw medium density fiberboard made of natural rubber of the present invention can be completely degraded under natural conditions after being discarded and damaged, and will not cause any irreversible damage to the environment, so that the production and use of crop straw medium density fiberboard can be realized. Complete sustainability and recyclability, with significant practical and historical significance.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electronic device material preparation, and discloses a zirconium-doped tin oxide transparent conductive film and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) preparing a zirconium-doped tin oxide precursor solution; (2) performing plasma treatment on a clean glass substrate; (3) performing spin-coating on a plasma-treated glass substrate to prepare a zirconium-doped tin oxide film; and (4) performing pre-curing of the prepared film on a hot stage, and performing annealing. The zirconium-doped tin oxide transparent conductive film is high in transmittance, low in resistivity, simple in process and low in cost.

The invention provides a trace Pb based on Wheatstone bridge type intelligent microfluidic chip 2+ The detection method is to place the intelligent microfluidic chip on the hot stage, connect the sample inlet and the indicator liquid inlet of the intelligent microfluidic chip to the constant current delivery device through pipe fittings, and the detection steps are as follows: ①Detect the blank sample , after the interface of the indicator liquid in the smart microfluidic chip is stable, measure the width of the indicator liquid at the inlet of the first bridge arm microchannel; ② detect the standard sample and determine the Pb 2+ The conversion relationship between the concentration and the width change rate of the indicator solution; ③ detect the sample to be tested and calculate the Pb in the sample to be tested 2+ concentration. This method will Pb 2+ The concentration signal has undergone multiple conversion and double amplification, realizing the detection of trace Pb 2+ Ultra-sensitive quantitative detection, effectively reducing Pb 2+ detection limit.

A compressor device with at least two compressor elements connected in series and at least two coolers of which there at least two split coolers that are split in separate successive stages, respectively a hot stage and a cold stage, that are connected together in one or more separate cooling circuits such that the compressed gas is cooled sufficiently between the compressor elements with a minimum coolant flow rate to keep the temperature of the cooled gas at the outlet of each cooler below a maximum permissible value and thereby to realize a desired temperature increase of the coolant in at least one of the aforementioned cooling circuits.

The invention discloses an annular blowing, drying and dehumidifying device applied to a cold and hot stage. The device comprises an annular blowing device (1), rotary adjusting spray heads (2), an air inlet (3), an air channel distributor (4) and a fixed connecting frame (5), wherein the annular blowing device (1) can be detachably connected with a device to be blown, dried and dehumidified through the fixed connecting frame (5); and the rotary adjusting spray heads (2) are uniformly distributed on the annular blowing device (1) at intervals in the circumferential direction, and the rotary adjusting spray heads (2) can spray a blowing medium to blow a part to be blown, dried and dehumidified of the device. The device disclosed by the invention can be used for stably and uniformly spraying dry purge gas to a sample observation window of the whole cold and hot stage at a high speed, isolating indoor humid ambient air and preventing the sample observation window from fogging to influence the experiment of the cold and hot stage; and the device has the advantages of high efficiency, flexibility and low cost, and is suitable for various types and specifications of cold and hot stages and related instruments.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a perovskite thin film with large grains by a scraping method. Firstly, an ionic liquid perovskite scraper coating precursor is prepared. The next layer of wet perovskite film; anneal for 20±5 seconds on a knife coater, then transfer the fully transformed perovskite film to a hot stage at 110±10°C and anneal for another 10 minutes to obtain sufficient deposition perovskite thin films with large grain size. Beneficial effects: the preparation of perovskite thin films with large-sized grains is carried out in the air, without special protective atmosphere requirements; the parameters of perovskite thin films can be adjusted according to actual needs by adjusting the scraping rate, gap spacing, etc.; scraping coating machine The structure of the equipment is simple, easy to operate, and the cost of the equipment is low, which is suitable for large-scale production; the perovskite film with large grain size can be used not only in solar cells, but also in other fields such as light-emitting diodes and photodetectors.

A microscopic hot stage and sample pool system for electrochemical in-situ Raman spectroscopy measurement, including a hot stage main body, a hot stage cover, a sealed cabin, a silicon carbon rod, a sample pool and a base; an insulation is provided on the inside of the bottom of the hot stage main body layer, an insulation layer is provided on the insulation layer, the sealed cabin and silicon carbon rods are arranged on the upper part of the insulation layer, and the silicon carbon rods are arranged around the sealed cabin, and an insulation layer is also provided between the silicon carbon rods and the inner wall of the main body of the hot stage; sample The pool is placed in a sealed cabin; the outside of the bottom of the main body of the hot stage is provided with base mounting holes for the insertion of the pillars on the base, silicon carbon rod wire through holes, thermocouple wire through holes and electrode wire through holes. The invention uses a sealed cabin that can pass protective gas and can dynamically add samples with a sample pool, uses a silicon carbon rod that is easy to install and has high calorific value as the heating body, and also designs a cooling unit with an L-shaped cross section on the hot stage cover. The pore channel allows cooling air to be introduced at any time to cool the microscope lens. These designs provide favorable conditions for high-temperature molten salt Raman testing.

The invention belongs to the technical field of Raman spectroscopy and develops a microscopic hot stage device based on Raman spectroscopy to measure the amount of dissolved gas in a high-temperature molten salt system. The microscopic hot stage includes a hot stage furnace body and a hot stage reactor; the hot stage furnace body includes a hot stage furnace shell, more than two silicon carbide rods, stainless steel clamps and power cords; the hot stage reactor includes a hot stage reactor Bottom, hot stage reactor flange cover, hot stage screw piston, sample cell and quartz viewing piece. The upper part of the sample pool of the present invention is a sealed quartz window, which prevents volatiles of high-temperature molten salt from contaminating the lens surface and ensures that the Raman incident laser can pass through the quartz window. The hot stage reactor is cooled by the water circuit provided by the flange cover of the hot stage reactor to ensure that the temperature near the microscopic hot stage will not be too high. The microscope lens is close to the surface of the sample cell and is suitable for the measurement of micro-Raman spectra. The length of the silicon carbide rod is longer and farther from the cold end of the silicon carbide rod, ensuring uniform heating of the crucible and reducing the temperature gradient in the sample cell.

The invention discloses an organic matter pore formation and evolution in-situ observation method and application. The organic matter pore formation and evolution in-situ observation method comprises the following steps: step A, carrying out microscopic observation on a sample; step B, placing the sample in a cold and hot stage externally connected with a microscope, setting a first temperature programming condition and a first termination temperature, and recording an organic matter evolution process; step C, performing organic matter evolution characteristic observation on the sample; and D, repeating the step B and the step C for one or more times, and setting a second program heating condition and a second termination temperature until the organic matters disappear. The method can be used for shale organic matter pore formation and evolution in-situ observation, and provides more direct technical support for formation and evolution research of different types of organic matter pores.

The invention relates to a thermal expansion phase change measurement method based on DIC, and belongs to the field of detection and analysis. The invention provides a thermal expansion phase change measurement method based on DIC in order to solve the problems that an existing phase change device is expensive in equipment and complex in operation and determine the phase change point of a materialmore accurately and conveniently. The method is based on a hot stage microscope. The heating and cooling processes are controlled through a control program of the heating stage microscope, through animage capturing control program, a high-speed camera is used for continuously shooting a sample in heating and cooling processes through a microscope. The distance between the lens and the surface ofthe material is kept constant. The strain field of the surface of the sample is obtained through a DIC method, the average strain value of the sample in all directions is obtained accordingly, the average strain value serves as the expansion amount of the material to draw a thermal expansion curve, and the method has the advantages of being simple in equipment and accurate and reliable in measurement result.

The invention discloses a cesium tin iodide film, its preparation method and application, the Cs 2 SnI 6 The preparation method of the film comprises the following steps: (1) adding cesium iodide and tin iodide into DMSO or a mixed solvent of DMSO and DMF, stirring and dissolving at 20-70°C, and preparing Cs 2 SnI 6 Precursor solution; (2) Precursor solution prepared in step (1) in N 2 After standing and aging in the atmosphere for 3 to 10 days, the precursor film was deposited on the substrate by spin coating; (3) the precursor film obtained in step (2) was placed on a hot stage with a temperature of 30-70°C Stand still for 1.0min~40min; then put it on the spin coater, drop 40μL-100μL supplementary solution, and spin coat dry after dripping the solution; (4) Anneal the film obtained in step (3) to obtain Cs 2 SnI 6 film.

A method of evaluating formation of fouling material in a petroleum feed involves illuminating a sample with cross-polarized light while subjecting the sample to temperature and pressure conditions relevant to an industrial process to induce chemical and / or physical changes; collecting images of the treated sample; and analyzing the images to evaluate fouling formation based on heterogeneity of the images in terms of brightness and / or color, where an increase in heterogeneity is indicative of initiation of fouling formation. The method is conducted using a cross-polarized microscopy system including a hot stage reactor assembly capable of withstanding operation within a temperature between about 20° C. to 450° C. or higher, and a pressure between about 0.1 MPa to 16 MPa or higher.

The present invention provides a hot stage for small-angle scattering experiment. The hot stage includes an intake passage, a sealed window, a translucent window, an exhaust passage, a heating layer package wall, a heating layer, a sample chamber and a sample clamp layer. The hot stage for small angle scattering experiment has thermal station temperature in the range of -40 to 1200 DEG C; and the connecting lines between two end ports of the sample chamber and the edges of the transparent window have included angle of 4- 90 DEG with the axial parallel of the sample chamber. Surrounding heating on the sample chamber by the heating layer ensures uniform heating of the sample, and avoids the effects of the heating layer on neutron and X-ray path. The sealed window and translucent window uses quartz glass, sapphire or Kapton film with high transmittance of neutrons and X-rays, so as to achieve high transmittance of neutrons and X-ray, and ensure normal operation of the neutron and X-ray small-angle scattering experiments.

The invention discloses a transformer three-layer insulated wire hot-melt crimping high equipment, including a hot-melt crimping high module and a manipulator working in coordination under a PLC control system; the hot-melt crimping high module includes a bottom plate and a vertical plate; a block-shaped The hot-melt table is set on the bottom plate, and the hot-melt table includes the inner layer of the hot-melt table, the shell of the hot-melt table, and the heat insulation layer; there are several sets of hot-melt components in the inner layer of the hot-melt table, and the hot-melt components are connected with temperature probes. The hot-melt component and the temperature-sensing probe are jointly connected to the temperature controller by electrical communication; the corresponding hot-melt component on the vertical plate is provided with a high-pressure component that can lower the three-layer insulated wire on the PIN foot of the hot-melt component; the invention also provides a There is no need to add a PIN foot flipping mechanism for transformers with three-layer insulated wire hot-melt crimping process. After the product is processed, the PIN pin is down, which just meets the processing technology requirements of the automatic soldering machine, making the hot-melt crimping process high. Simplification, save manpower and material resources, improve equipment utilization.

A method of evaluating formation of fouling material in a petroleum feed involves illuminating a sample with cross-polarized light while subjecting the sample to temperature and pressure conditions relevant to an industrial process to induce chemical and / or physical changes; collecting images of the treated sample; and analyzing the images to evaluate fouling formation based on heterogeneity of the images in terms of brightness and / or color, where an increase in heterogeneity is indicative of initiation of fouling formation. The method is conducted using a cross-polarized microscopy system including a hot stage reactor assembly capable of withstanding operation within a temperature between about 20° C. to 450° C. or higher, and a pressure between about 0.1 MPa to 16 MPa or higher.

The invention relates to the field of ATE (automatic test equipment) and provides a detection heat platform-based SRU fault confirmation method and device so as to solve problems in technologies of the prior art. A virtual unit is formed by SRUs with strong relevance and is specifically equipped with a detection heat platform, SRUs are inserted alternately to match the ATE and so as to complete SRU fault confirmation. The method comprises the following steps: the ATE sends an inherent basic signal and an actual test analysis signal and receives SRU status signal value sent back from a bus controller, whether the SRUs work normally is determined, a sampling unit receives the inherent basic signal sent from the ATE, the inherent basic signal is stored in a switching signal register, the bus controller receives the actual test analysis signal sent from the ATE and sends the same to an SRU control register, the inherent basic signal is sent to the SRU control register after being received from the switching signal register, waveform data is formed in a control data register, a waveform generation unit is controlled to read the waveform data upon triggering of a trigger signal, a complex signal is generated for the SRU control register, and an SRU detection code of an SRU state register is received and sent back to the ATE.

The invention provides a heating stage for a microscope. The heating stage includes a temperature control case and a heating table, the temperature control case is internally provided with an AC / DC power supply and a temperature controller, the rear end of the temperature control case is provided with a power socket, the front end is provided with a heating socket and a switch, and the front end of the temperature controller is a temperature control panel protruding from a front end face of the temperature control case; and the heating table includes a bottom plate, a soft thermal insulation material layer, a heating film and a heating platform which are stacked in sequence from bottom to top, the lower side of the bottom plate is provided with supporting legs, the heating film is connected with the heating socket of the temperature control case through a heating cable, a perspective hole is arranged in the heating table, and perspective glass is embedded in the perspective hole. The heating stage for the microscope can satisfy a requirement for embryo or oocyte constant-temperature operation, and has a sufficient operating platform, and is convenient to operate, firm and durable, and convenient to carry.

The invention relates to an in-situ detection method for the phase transition process of a crystalline polymer. The device used in the method includes two components, namely a heating device and an in-situ testing device. The heating device includes a programmable temperature control heating table 1 and a specially designed metal container 2, and a series of round holes 3 are equally spaced on the wall of the metal container 2 at a distance of 4 mm from the bottom. The in-situ test device includes the metal container 2, the water tank 4, the thermocouple 5, the fixing device 6 and the temperature digital display 7. The water tank 4 is provided with a water inlet 8 on the upper right, and a water outlet 9 on the lower left. A compensation wire 10 connecting the thermocouple 5 and the temperature digital display 7 is arranged between the thermocouple 5 and the temperature digital display 7 . The fixing device 6 is located directly above the water tank 4 . The invention is especially suitable for the in-situ test of the non-isothermal and non-constant velocity phase transition behavior of the crystalline polymer, and has the advantages of simple device, accurate detection result, low cost, fast detection steps and the like.

The invention discloses a heating table for a fully automatic rotary screen printing machine, which includes a heating table, a front guide roller located at the front end of the heating table, and a rear guide roller located at the rear end of the heating table; the heating table includes a frame, an installation A curved plate on top of the frame, a thermoelectric tube mounted inside the frame and below the curved plate. According to the above technical scheme, the front guide roller presses down to convey the fabric to the heating table, and the rear guide roller presses down to output the fabric on the heating table. When printing, the fabric is heated by the arc-shaped plate, so that the fabric can be better attached to the guide belt, thereby achieving Better printing effect.

The invention relates to a multifunctional heating platform mechanism with a modular design, comprising a moving base (1) and a jig (4) arranged on the moving base (1), on which a matched The workpiece, the moving base (1) includes a fixed base plate (11), a θ-axis slide table (12) that is arranged on the fixed base plate (11) and performs θ-rotational movement around the z-axis, and is sequentially arranged on the θ axis from bottom to top. The first carrying platform (13) on the shaft slide table (12), the second carrying platform (15) moving along the y-axis and the third carrying platform (18) moving along the x-axis; during work, adjust the θ-axis sliding platform (12), the second carrying platform (15) and the third carrying platform (18), move the jig (4) to the designated station, and process the workpiece on the jig. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of one machine with multiple functions, high processing precision and low manufacturing cost.