The invention relates to a rapid screening and classifying device for chemical fertilizer production. The rapid screening and classifying device comprises a main body, a circular ring, a first screen,a pasting plate and a sliding rail, wherein an inlet is formed in the left side of the main body, a screening box is installed inside the inlet, a separation cylinder is arranged inside the screeningbox, and the separation cylinder is movably connected with the screening box; an outlet is formed in the outer surface of the separation cylinder, a motor is connected to the right side of the separation cylinder, and the motor and the separation cylinder are fastened through nuts; and a fixing plate is tightly attached to the lower part of the motor, welding connection is formed between the fixing plate and the main body, a first spring is connected below the fixing plate, and the circular ring penetrates through the outer wall of the inlet. According to the rapid screening and classifying device for chemical fertilizer production, a vibrating machine is arranged, the vibrating machine drives a second screen to vibrate through a vibrating belt so that chemical fertilizer falling from thefirst screen can fall into the classifying device more rapidly, the classification is more rapid, and the classification efficiency is improved.