The invention belongs to the field of marine environment monitoring, and discloses a device for detecting the concentration of a target substance in seawater, which comprises a pressing ring, a front cylinder, a rear cylinder and a rear end cover which are connected in sequence, an optical glass window is arranged between the pressing ring and the front cylinder; a fluorescent probe is arranged in the front cylinder; an incidence channel and a detection channel are formed in the fluorescent probe, an incidence unit is arranged in the incidence channel, the incidence unit comprises a light source converging lens and a light source which are sequentially arranged, a detection unit is arranged in the detection channel, and the detection unit comprises a fluorescent light collecting lens, an optical filter and a fluorescent light detector which are sequentially arranged; a target substance concentration detection circuit is arranged in the rear cylinder, a mounting hole is formed in the rear end cover, a connector is arranged in the mounting hole and extends into the rear cylinder to be connected with the target substance concentration detection circuit, the center wavelength of the light source is the fluorescence excitation wavelength of a target substance, and the center wavelength of the optical filter is the center wavelength of excitation fluorescence of the target substance. Miniaturized design of the whole detection device is achieved, operation is easy and convenient, and use is convenient.