37results about How to "Reduce shading rate" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for preparing metal electrodes of a crystal silicon solar cell, which comprises the steps that: after the PN junction is prepared on a p-type crystal silicon substrate through diffusion, a silicon nitride antireflection layer is prepared on the surface of a n type emitting electrode, then, a thin Al layer with the thickness being 100nm to 1000nm is prepared on thesurface of a p-type conducting back through the vacuum sputtering technology, the vapor deposition technology or the screen printing technology, in addition, a thin Ag grid line layer with the thickness being 1mum to 5mum is prepared on the surface of the silicon nitride antireflection layer through the screen printing, next, an Al back field seed layer and an Ag grid line seed layer are formed through the traditional high-temperature sintering technology, finally, tin, copper or nickel is electroplated on the Ag grid line seed layer and the Al back field seed layer through the electroplatingprocess, and the metal electrodes are formed after the thickening. Compared with the prior art, the method combines the advantages of the screen printing process, the magnetron sputtering process, the vapor deposition process and the electroplating process, front metal grid line electrodes with high electrical conductivity and low light shielding rate can be obtained, and simultaneously, the consumption of expensive metal Ag can be effectively reduced, so important industrialized application prospects are realized.

The invention relates to a solar battery, in particular to a back contact heterojunction solar battery based on an N-type silicon slice. According to a back face feature, the back contact heterojunction solar battery is divided into an N-type region and a P-type region, wherein the N-type region forms an N+a-si / i-a-si / N-c-si / N+c-si heterojunction structure; and the P-type region forms an N+a-si / i-a-si / N-c-si / N+c-si / i-a-si / P-a-si heterojunction structure. In the solar battery, the light attenuation phenomenon of the conventional P-type crystal silicon solar battery can be avoided; the solar battery has higher spectral response; the thickness of the solar battery is greatly reduced compared with that of the conventional crystal silicon solar battery; electrodes are all printed on the back face of the battery, so the problem that the front electrode of the conventional solar battery blocks light is solved; therefore, the conversion efficiency of the solar battery is improved greatly; by a low-temperature sintering process, a production process is simplified greatly and production cost is reduced; and the solar battery is applicable to industrialized production.

The invention discloses an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel, a manufacturing method of the OLED display panel and a display device. The process step is simplified, the yield is improved, and the display efficiency is improved. The OLED display panel comprises a cover plate, a back panel and a transparent electrode layer, wherein the cover plate and the back panel are buckled, a plurality of color film units are arranged on the cover plate in an array way, gaps among the color film units are filled with auxiliary negative electrodes, each auxiliary negative electrode comprisesa black matrix, a buffer layer and a metal layer which are sequentially formed on the cover plate, a flat layer is formed on the auxiliary negative electrodes and the color film units, a plurality ofholes are formed in positions, corresponding to the auxiliary negative electrodes, of the flat layer, a plurality of cushion pads are formed at positions, corresponding to the auxiliary negative electrodes, of the flat layer and are arranged between the cover plate and the back panel in a prop-against way, the transparent electrode layer is formed on the flat layer and the cushion pads, penetratethrough at least one part of holes and communicate with the auxiliary negative electrodes, and a color film layer of the cover and a pixel region of the back panel are arranged opposite to each other.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional cultivation method for greenhouse crops. The method comprises the following steps: (1) building a greenhouse, wherein the front roof angle of the greenhouse is greater than 45 degrees; (2) building a trapezoidal planting table in the greenhouse, wherein the trapezoidal planting table comprises a plurality of steps, handrails are arranged on the two sides of the steps, and the steps and the handrails can all be formed by connecting a plurality of steel pipes of different lengths; (3) placing cultivation vessels on each step of the trapezoidal planting table, and filling a cultivation medium into the vessels; (4) planting photophilous plants in the medium and planting sciophilous plants in the ground below the trapezoidal planting table. The method has the beneficial effects that the greenhouse span is shortened, the front roof angle is increased, the sunlight receiving angle of the greenhouse is increased, the temperature of the greenhouse is increased, the crops planted on the inclined plane are gradient in height, the mutual shading rate is reduced, the planting density can be increased, the yield is improved, and a shady space is formed on the lower part of the greenhouse to plant the sciophilous plants.

A solar battery including a transparent conductive film; and a solar battery element, wherein the transparent conductive film is bonded to a surface of the solar battery element, and the transparent conductive film is electrically connected to the solar battery element.

The invention relates to a solar battery, in particular to a back contact heterojunction solar battery, comprising a transparent conducting film TCO, a P-a-Si amorphous silicon film, an i-a-Si intrinsic amorphous silicon film, an N-C-SiN type crystalline silicon, an i-a-Si intrinsic amorphous silicon film, an N-a-SiN type amorphous silicon film, a penetrative type back electrode and a back electrode which are overlapped in sequence from top to bottom. The solar battery can avoid the photoconduced attenuation phenomenon of the conventional P-type crystalline silicon solar battery, the back contact electrode reduces the contact resistance, and effectively reduces the shading ratio of a light-receiving surface, thereby increasing the current collection rate and improving the conversion efficiency of the solar battery; as the temperature coefficient is low, the back contact heterojunction solar battery is suitable for a high temperature environment; and the low-temperature process simplifies the production process greatly and reduces the production cost, so that the back contact heterojunction solar battery is suitable for industrial development.

The invention relates to a solar cell front face grid line and a solar cell sheet printed with the front face grid line. The front face grid line of the solar cell sheet comprises a main grid and a secondary grid and is formed by four mutually-parallel main grids and a plurality of secondary grid lines which are mutually parallel and are vertical to the main grids; cell back face electrodes are located on a cell back face and correspond to the quantity and the position of front face main grids; and a main grid line and the back face electrodes are formed by solid or hollow or sectioned patterns. According to the solar cell sheet disclosed by the invention, the filling factor and the conversion efficiency of a solar cell can be improved, and silver slurry consumption in a production process is reduced.

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of a deep ultraviolet LED chip with a vertical structure. The method is specifically characterized in that a p-GaN ohmic contact layer is processed intoa grid-shaped structure by using a laser direct writing process, and a p type low-resistance ohmic contact Ni / Al electrode with high reflectivity is used for ohmic contact with the p-GaN grid to formgood ohmic contact; a groove array and an inner reflector groove array are etched between a Ni / Al p electrode conductive layer and the n-AlGaN layer of an epitaxial layer to obtain a honeycomb structure, and the Al layer as a reflector is deposited on the side wall of the inner reflector groove to obtain a honeycomb-shaped inner reflector structure; and by replacing a p-GaN layer in a traditionaldeep ultraviolet LED with the grid-shaped transparent p-GaN layer and designing the honeycomb-shaped inner reflector structure, emission of photons transversely propagated on the LED active layer is achieved, loss of a source region in the deep ultraviolet LED chip is reduced, and the light extraction efficiency of the chip is greatly improved.

The invention discloses a back plate for a metal wrap through (MWT) solar battery and belongs to the technical field of solar photovoltaic batteries. The back plate comprises a base material layer, a first adhesion layer, a second adhesion layer, a weather-resistant layer and an insulating layer. The back plate is characterized by also comprising a metal foil layer, wherein the first adhesion layer is positioned between the base material layer and the metal foil layer and used for bonding the surface of one side, facing the base material layer, of the metal foil layer and the base material layer into a whole; the second adhesion layer is positioned between the base material layer and the weather-resistant layer and used for bonding the surface of one side, facing the base material layer, of the weather-resistant layer and the base material layer into a whole; the insulating layer is bonded on the surface of one side, opposite to the first adhesion layer, of the metal foil layer; an etching line and electrodes are formed on the metal foil layer; the metal foil layer is divided into a plurality of metal foil layer units by the etching line; and the electrodes are respectively formed in the metal foil layer units and exposed out of the insulating layer. The back plate for the MWT solar battery has the advantages that: the weather resistance, size stability, insulativity and sealability in effective blocking of water vapor are improved; the partial discharge power can be improved; the light shading rate of a surface gate line is reduced; and component efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a cover plate folding and opening type mechanical attic device and belongs to the field of building attics. By means of the mechanical attic device, an attic cover plate is designed to be of a horizontal curtain-shaped cover plate structure, a cover plate can be controlled to be folded when the attic is not used, the ventilating performance of the whole space is maintained,and the lighting performance of small-area buildings is ensured; meanwhile, a folding stair linked with the folding or unfolding action of the cover plate is further arranged on the mechanical atticdevice, the folding stair is driven to be synchronously unfolded through a linking control frame while the attic cover plate is unfolded, people can enter and exit from the attic conveniently, when the attic cover plate is folded, the stair can automatically reset, and space is not occupied; and in addition, a folding handrail is further arranged, the folding or unfolding action of the folding handrail and the attic cover plate is also of linking design, the linking control frame is used for driving the folding handrail to ascend to be unfolded, the use safety of the attic is improved, when the attic cover plate is folded, the folding handrail can automatically descend to be folded, and the light shielding rate of the handrail is reduced.

The invention discloses a method for cultivating environment-friendly and pollution-free leaf radishes, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural cultivation. The method includes 25-mesh white insect-proof net mulching; utilization of a black sunshade net; high-density seeding without thinning and three-time harvesting. The method has the advantages that pesticides can be omitted owing to 25-mesh white insect-free net mulching, so that the environment-friendly and pollution-free agricultural products can be produced; the germination rate and the emergence rate are increased owing to the sunshade net, and influence of scouring of rainstorms is relieved; owing to a process for high-density seeding without thinning and three-time harvesting, the acre yield is increased while the cost is saved, the frequency of supplying the products for markets is increased, duration of supplying the products for the markets is prolonged, and an acre benefit is increased; by the method for cultivating the environment-friendly and pollution-free leaf radishes, the acre benefit is increased by 600 yuan at least, and the method can be implemented easily and conveniently, is suitable for cultivating the leaf radishes, can be well received by production bases or growers and has an excellent popularization and application prospect.

The invention discloses a solar energy battery module, which comprises a plurality of solar energy batteries. The light-facing side of each solar energy battery is equipped with M first conflux electrodes and the light-back side of each solar energy battery is equipped with N second conflux electrodes. M is a natural number equal to or greater than 1. N is a natural number greater than M.

The invention relates to a low-power backlight component, including a light guide board, a tube and a reflection sheet. The light guide board is of a sheet structure composed of a bottom surface, a top surface and four side surfaces, where the top and bottom surfaces of the four side surfaces are mutually vertical, and the tube is on a side surface of the light guide board and guides the light into the light guide board. The reflection sheet is on the bottom surface of the light guide board and can reflect the incident light into the light guide board, making the light which is guided into the light guide board outgo from the top surface of the light guide board. It coats at least one of the top surface, and the bottom surface / four side surfaces with a layer of fluorescent agent to form a fluorescent layer, where the fluorescent agent can absorb the incident light to make the light stay for a short time and then outgo outwards. Therefore, it has better intensifying property and homogeneous degree, able to reduce the power consumption of the tube.

The invention discloses a method for interplanting winter peach trees and peanuts. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, soil preparation and fertilization are conducted, wherein sandy soil is selected, the land is deeply ploughed, rotary tillage and ridging are carried out, and a base fertilizer is applied; secondly, saplings are planted, wherein strong winter peach seedlings are selected to be planted; thirdly, peanuts are planted, wherein peanut seeds are subjected to pre-treatment and then planted, and then the seedlings are checked and supplemented; fourthly, daily management is conducted, wherein the daily management comprises water and fertilizer management, trimming, shaping and disease and pest control; fifthly, the peanuts are picked and peanuts are replanted, wherein the peanuts are harvested in time after ripening, and then the peanuts are planted again in the next year through the method in the third step; sixthly, winter peaches are picked and subjected to post-treatment, wherein the winter peaches are picked in time after ripening, and then soil preparation and fertilization are carried out through the method in the first step. According to the method, the winter peaches and the peanuts are interplanted, the land, sunlight, water and fertilizer resources are fully used, and the production cost is greatly reduced; due to interplanting of the winter peaches and the peanuts, the yield of the winter peaches is high, the quality is good, the yield of the peanuts is not affected, and the overall economic benefits of interplanting are effectively improved.

The invention discloses an efficient LED plant lamp capable of achieving angle adjustment. The efficient LED plant lamp comprises a greenhouse steel frame and a ground support. A support rod is connected to the lower end of the middle of the greenhouse steel frame. A fixing plate is arranged at the top end of the support rod and connected with a slide rail through screws. A clamping jaw is clampedto a slide way of the slide rail, and the lower end of the clamping jaw is rigidly connected with the middle of the upper end of a rigid support. The two sides of the lower end of the rigid support are fixedly connected to the upper end of a main body lamp bracket. The two ends of the main body lamp bracket are provided with hinge-joint grooves in a spaced manner. The efficient LED plant lamp hasthe beneficial effects that by means of a rotary lamp bracket which is arranged in a rotary manner, angle adjustment of a sliding frame can be achieved when an iron cable is taken up and paid off, and furthermore, plants can obtain light illumination at more angles; the shading rate can be reduced to a great extent, and the plant growing speed is increased; and by means of the hanging structure,the traditional plant lamp storage mode can be avoided, the occupied area of the efficient LED plant lamp is reduced to a great extent, and reasonable utilization of resources is achieved.

The invention discloses a method for preparing metal electrodes of a crystal silicon solar cell, which comprises the steps that: after the PN junction is prepared on a p-type crystal silicon substrate through diffusion, a silicon nitride antireflection layer is prepared on the surface of a n type emitting electrode, then, a thin Al layer with the thickness being 100nm to 1000nm is prepared on thesurface of a p-type conducting back through the vacuum sputtering technology, the vapor deposition technology or the screen printing technology, in addition, a thin Ag grid line layer with the thickness being 1mum to 5mum is prepared on the surface of the silicon nitride antireflection layer through the screen printing, next, an Al back field seed layer and an Ag grid line seed layer are formed through the traditional high-temperature sintering technology, finally, tin, copper or nickel is electroplated on the Ag grid line seed layer and the Al back field seed layer through the electroplatingprocess, and the metal electrodes are formed after the thickening. Compared with the prior art, the method combines the advantages of the screen printing process, the magnetron sputtering process, the vapor deposition process and the electroplating process, front metal grid line electrodes with high electrical conductivity and low light shielding rate can be obtained, and simultaneously, the consumption of expensive metal Ag can be effectively reduced, so important industrialized application prospects are realized.

The invention discloses a rapid suspension type photovoltaic power generation assembly with dynamic linkage adjustment, and relates to the field of photovoltaic power generation mechanisms. Accordingto the invention, a plurality of first in-groove driving gears are fixedly arranged in a second mounting groove body of a second fixed supporting body; a plurality of second in-groove driving gears with corresponding gear radiuses are fixedly arranged in the second mounting groove body of the second fixed supporting body; the second in-groove driving gears are meshed and matched with a third synchronous rack; an output shaft rod of a first power device is fixedly connected with a fourth fixed connecting plate; one end of the fourth fixed connecting plate is fixedly connected with a fourth endside plate; and a fourth telescopic driving device is arranged on the fourth end side plate. According to the invention, a defective photovoltaic panel can be conveniently and rapidly disassembled andtransported to a maintenance center for maintenance, and the installation is very convenient; and the distances between the adjacent third suspension bodies are adjusted through a penetrating rack plate, and shading between the front photovoltaic panel and the rear photovoltaic panel is reduced while the number of the photovoltaic power generation panels is increased.

The invention discloses a casing pipe type support structure of an organic glass detector. The casing pipe type support structure of the organic glass detector is used for supporting an organic glassball body of the organic glass detector on a wall body; and the organic glass ball body is provided with an equator thick plate. The casing pipe type support structure comprises metal casing pipes, pressing plates, support rods and rubber washers, wherein a plurality of uniformly distributed holes matched with the support rods are formed in a circumferential direction of the equator thick plate; one ends of the support rods are put into the holes; the other ends of the support rods stretch into the metal casing pipes; the rubber washers are arranged between the holes in the equator thick plateand the support rods; and the pressing plates fix the metal casing pipes onto a wall body through a plurality of bolts. According to the casing pipe type support structure of the organic glass detector provided by the invention, the occurrence of the phenomena of poor positioning, structure deformation and stress concentration caused by manufacture deviation during an installation process of thedetector is avoided, and the safety and the reliability of the detector are improved. The shading coefficient is reduced, and the neutrino detection precision is improved. The on-site assembly efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a positive electrode of a solar cell, which comprises main grid lines (1) arranged in parallel and fine grid lines (2) arranged in a honeycomb hexagonal shape, wherein the hexagonal sides of the fine grid lines (2) contract or extend according to grid line density requirements in order to meet conductivity requirements of square resistance, and the main grid lines (1) and the fine grid lines (2) have an overlapping part therebetween. Therefore, a non-knotless screen printing plate can be used on the one hand, so that the production cost is greatly reduced; and on the other hand, better conductivity is provided, the loss of grid lines on a positive plate is greatly reduced, the conversion efficiency of current is improved, and thus the service life is ensured.

The invention discloses an OLED display panel, a manufacturing method of the OLED display panel and a display device, so as to simplify the process steps, improve the yield rate and improve the display efficiency. The OLED display panel includes a cover plate and a back plate arranged on the box, wherein: a plurality of color filter units are arranged in an array on the cover plate, and the gaps between each color filter unit are filled with auxiliary cathodes, the The auxiliary cathode includes a black matrix, a buffer layer, and a metal layer sequentially formed on the cover plate; a flat layer is formed on the auxiliary cathode and the color filter unit, and the flat layer has a plurality of openings corresponding to the auxiliary cathode; A plurality of spacers are formed on the flat layer corresponding to the auxiliary cathode, and the spacers are abutted and supported between the cover plate and the back plate; formed on the flat layer and the spacers The transparent electrode layer is connected to the auxiliary cathode through at least part of the openings; the color filter layer of the cover plate is opposite to the pixel area of ​​the back plate.

The invention discloses a phase change waste heat recovery ventilator for a solar greenhouse. The phase change waste heat recovery ventilator for the solar greenhouse comprises a composite phase change heat exchange box. A heat exchange fin tube and an axial flow fan are arranged in the composite phase change heat exchange box, wherein the axial flow fan is arranged on one side of composite phase change heat exchange box, the heat exchange fin tube is arranged on the other side of the composite phase change heat exchange box, an inner wall of a composite phase change heat exchange box body is provided with communicated cavities, fluid composite phase change heat storage materials are arranged in the cavities, and the fluid composite phase change heat storage materials flow freely in the cavities of the inner wall of the box body. An upper cavity and a lower cavity of the composite phase change heat exchange box body are communicated through the heat exchange fin tube, and the inner wall of the composite phase change heat exchange box which is below the heat exchange fin tube is further provided with a condensation gutter. The phase change waste heat recovery ventilator for the solar greenhouse is suitable for installation in a greenhouse building, is matched with the growth level of the plants in the greenhouse and greatly improves the building performance and the production capacity of the solar greenhouse. The phase change waste heat recovery ventilator for the solar greenhouse is reasonable in structure, compared with an existing greenhouse, the cost is not increased, and the thermal storage and heat preservation standards of the greenhouse can be improved greatly.

The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a vertical structure deep ultraviolet LED chip. Specifically: the p-GaN ohmic contact layer is processed into a grid structure by laser direct writing process, and a high-reflectivity p-type low-resistance ohmic contact Ni / Al electrode is used for ohmic contact with the p-GaN grid , forming a good ohmic contact. Then, the honeycomb structure is obtained by etching the groove array and the inner mirror groove array between the Ni / Al p electrode conductive layer and the n-AlGaN layer of the epitaxial layer, and the Al layer is deposited as a mirror in the inner mirror groove side walls, thereby obtaining a honeycomb internal reflector structure. By replacing the p-GaN layer in the traditional deep-UV LED with a grid-shaped transparent p-GaN layer and designing a honeycomb internal reflector structure, the emission of photons propagating laterally in the active layer of the LED is realized, reducing the amount of time in the deep-UV LED chip. The loss of the active area greatly improves the light extraction efficiency of the chip.

A light emitting tube array type display unit comprising a light emitting tube array having juxtaposed a plurality of light emitting tubes each filled with a discharge gas thereinside, a support for supporting the light emitting tube array by being in contact with at least one of the display surface side and the rear surface side of the light emitting tube array, a plurality of display electrodes disposed at adjoining portions between light emitting tubes, for applying voltage to each light emitting tube from the opposite-side surfaces to generate counter discharge inside each light emitting tube, a plurality of scan electrodes disposed in a stripe form on the display surface side of the light emitting tubes in a direction crossing the lengthwise direction of the light emitting tubes to form light emitting regions at the intersections with light emitting tubes, and a plurality of address electrodes each disposed on the rear surface side of each light emitting tube, for selecting light emitting regions.

The invention belongs to the technical field of intelligent control, and particularly relates to an intelligent switch based on an LORA technology control panel, the intelligent switch comprises a mounting base and a control panel, a transparent protection cover is hinged to the side wall of the mounting base, the transparent protection cover is of a double-layer hollow structure, and a sealing interlayer is arranged in the transparent protection cover; a light transmittance adjusting mechanism is arranged in the transparent protection cover; and the light transmittance adjusting mechanism comprises an air cylinder fixedly connected to the inner bottom face of the transparent protection cover, the air cylinder is communicated with the sealing interlayer through an air guide pipe, and the air cylinder and the sealing interlayer are filled with a shading gas. The shading rate of the shading gas can be adjusted according to the external sunlight brightness, display content on the control panel can be seen clearly in the daytime, it is avoided that indicating light emitted by the control panel influences sleep and rest at night, using is convenient and comfortable, when the transparent protection cover is lifted, air is blown to the hands through the air duct, and the problem that the adjustment of the control panel is insensitive due to the influence of moisture or sweat on the hand is avoided.

The invention relates to a solar cell, in particular to a back contact heterojunction solar cell based on an N-type silicon chip. From the back features, it is divided into N-type region and P-type region. N-type region forms N+a-si / i-a-si / N-c-si / N+c-si heterojunction structure, and P-type region forms N+a-si / i-a-si / N-c-si / N+c-si / i-a-si / P-a-si heterojunction structure. The solar cell of the present invention does not appear the light-induced attenuation phenomenon of conventional P-type crystalline silicon solar cells, has better spectral response, and the thickness of the battery is greatly thinner than that of conventional crystalline silicon solar cells; The problem of shading the front electrode of the solar cell greatly improves the conversion efficiency of the solar cell; the low-temperature sintering process greatly simplifies the production process and reduces the production cost, which is suitable for industrial production.

The invention relates to a silicon solar battery piece which comprises a crystal silicon slice, a front face grid line and a back face electrode. The front face grid line is located on the illuminated face of a battery and comprises a main grid and a vice grid. The main grid comprises primary main grids and secondary main grids, wherein the number of the primary main grids is at least two, the primary main grids are mutually parallel, each primary main grid is divided into at least two sections, and the secondary main grids are connected at the positions of fractured openings of the primary main grids through regular or irregular shapes or lines. The vice grid comprises primary vice grids and secondary vice grids, wherein the primary vice grids are evenly distributed outside the shapes which are formed by the secondary main grids and are perpendicular to the primary main grids, and the secondary vice grids are located inside the shapes which are formed by the secondary main grids and are arranged parallel to the primary main grids. On one hand, direct contact of a main gate electrode and the silicon slice can be decreased, surface passivation area is enlarged, the illuminated area of the solar battery is increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar battery is effectively improved; and on the other hand, silver paste consumption in the manufacturing process can be effectively reduced, and production cost is lowered.

The invention relates to a silicon solar battery piece which comprises a crystal silicon slice, a front face grid line and a back face electrode. The front face grid line is located on the illuminated face of a battery and comprises a main grid and a vice grid. The main grid comprises primary main grids and secondary main grids, wherein the number of the primary main grids is at least two, the primary main grids are mutually parallel, each primary main grid is divided into at least two sections, and the secondary main grids are connected at the positions of fractured openings of the primary main grids through regular or irregular shapes or lines. The vice grid comprises primary vice grids and secondary vice grids, wherein the primary vice grids are evenly distributed outside the shapes which are formed by the secondary main grids and are perpendicular to the primary main grids, and the secondary vice grids are located inside the shapes which are formed by the secondary main grids and are arranged parallel to the primary main grids. On one hand, direct contact of a main gate electrode and the silicon slice can be decreased, surface passivation area is enlarged, the illuminated area of the solar battery is increased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar battery is effectively improved; and on the other hand, silver paste consumption in the manufacturing process can be effectively reduced, and production cost is lowered.

A solar cell module includes a plurality of solar cells. M first bus bar electrodes are disposed on a first surface of each of the solar cells. N second bus bar electrodes are disposed on a second surface of each of the solar cells. M is a natural number that is equal to or larger than 1, and N is a natural number that is larger than M.