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This invention discloses a multi-objective optimization method based on a GCN proxy model, which mainly addresses the problems of high computational complexity, low optimization efficiency, and low prediction accuracy in cascading failure simulation during critical node detection in complex networks. First, initialization and objective function construction are performed, setting relevant algorithm and model parameters, and constructing a dual objective function for attack cost and attack failure effect. A complex network dataset is generated, downloaded, and preprocessed. Second, addressing the low computational and optimization efficiency caused by multiple traversals of the entire network in each evaluation of cascading simulations during critical node detection in complex networks, this invention constructs and trains a multi-branch attention GCN proxy model. Through multi-dimensional feature extraction, multi-task learning, and group calibration, the prediction accuracy of the number of cascading failure nodes is ensured. Then, a multi-objective optimization algorithm fusing GA and PSO is used iteratively, combined with the GCN proxy model to predict the objective function, improving optimization efficiency. The convergence and diversity of solutions are balanced through GA global search and PSO local optimization. Next, the Pareto optimal solution is calibrated and verified to ensure the relative error is within a reasonable range and to verify accuracy. Finally, the experimental results are output and archived. This invention utilizes the GCN proxy model to assist in the fusion of multi-objective optimization algorithms, significantly improving optimization efficiency and prediction accuracy, and enabling precise detection of key nodes in complex networks.