113 results about "Capillary pressure" patented technology

The invention discloses a capillary pressure and contact angle synchronous characterization method and device of a microfluidic fluid interface, and relates to the field of interface analysis and multiphase seepage in pore media, and the method comprises the following steps: based on a pre-configured pore, particle and fluid binary image, distinguishing and extracting a fluid-particle contact interface contour and an attack / defense fluid interface contour; fitting and determining the curvature radius of each fluid interface contour through a watershed region division algorithm and reordering smoothing of Fourier descriptors; generating a multi-level size pore space based on the pore binary image, and obtaining a pore overlook radius; calculating a necking angle in combination with the curvature radius and the multi-stage size pore space to obtain an apparent contact angle and an intrinsic contact angle; and calculating the capillary pressure of the attack / defense fluid interface by combining the curvature radius, the pore overlook radius, the chip depth and the interfacial tension. According to the invention, high-precision technical support is provided for micro-fluidic multiphase seepage research.

The invention relates to a shale or coal rock gas evaluation method based on a gas-water two-phase flow isotope fractionation model. The shale or coal rock gas evaluation method comprises the following steps: 1, collecting data; 2, establishing a gas well model; 3, establishing a control equation set; 4, coupling the influence of the real gas effect and the effective stress; 5, establishing a gas transmission model and a relative permeability model; 6, establishing a relation between capillary pressure and saturation; 7, considering critical desorption pressure; 8, setting boundary conditions of initial conditions; 9, solving a control equation set; 10, calculating production dynamic parameters and isotope values; 11, performing history fitting; 12, verifying historical fitting quality; 13, predicting productivity; 14, calculating a gas dynamic output proportion; 15, identifying a fractionation inflection point and gas production mechanism conversion; by coupling gas-water two-phase flow, multiple gas transmission mechanisms, stress sensitivity and methane isotope competitive adsorption theories, yield prediction of the deep reservoir and quantitative evaluation of the dynamic proportion of produced gas are realized.

The invention relates to the field of heat exchange and heat conduction, in particular to a composite wick, a vapor chamber and a heat pipe. Comprising a first material layer which is provided with a first surface and a second surface, the first surface and the second surface are respectively provided with a diversion trench, and the diversion trench on the first surface and the heat conduction element shell jointly define a capillary channel; the second material layer is attached to the second surface of the first material layer, and capillary channels are defined by the second material layer and the flow guide grooves in the second surface of the first material layer. The first material layer and the second material layer of the wick and the shell define the capillary channel, the open flow guide grooves in the first material layer form the capillary channel, the flow speed and flow of working medium backflow are increased, and then the heat transfer capacity is improved. The characteristics of high capillary pressure and large flow can be achieved at the same time by regulating and controlling the size of the capillary channel of the first material layer and the size of the steam through hole of the second material layer of the wick.

The invention belongs to the technical field of oil and gas reservoir engineering and multiphase seepage dynamic monitoring, relates to a characterization method of seepage behaviors of multiphase fluid in a porous medium, and particularly provides a dynamic construction method of a multiphase displacement capillary pressure-saturation relationship based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Comprising the following steps: S1, acquiring a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation spectrum of a porous medium in a gas-water two-phase displacement process; s2, determining two-phase fluid interfacial tension, a wetting contact angle and a rock surface relaxation rate; s3, determining the dynamic cut-off relaxation time of the displacement stage; s4, calculating equivalent capillary pressure; the residual water saturation is calculated, and the equivalent capillary pressure is the capillary pressure corresponding to the current displacement stage and is used for constructing a capillary pressure-saturation curve. According to the method, the capillary pressure change in the porous medium can be obtained only through spectral analysis without a centrifugal or mercury injection experiment.

The invention discloses a soil or groundwater remediation agent in-situ precise injection and transmission effect evaluation test system, and belongs to the technical field of stratum pollution remediation. The device comprises a stratum simulation assembly, a stratum pressurization assembly and a parameter detection assembly, wherein the stratum simulation assembly comprises an experimental silo for storing a simulated stratum sample; the stratum pressurization assembly is arranged opposite to the experiment silo and can simulate pressure of different stratum depths; the parameter detection assembly comprises a plurality of pressure detection units which are vertically arranged at intervals along the experimental silo, each pressure detection unit comprises a capillary pressure measuring pipe and a plurality of pressure sensors, the capillary pressure measuring pipes are arranged in the radial direction of the experimental silo, and one end of each capillary pressure measuring pipe is communicated with the simulated stratum sample through the experimental silo; and the plurality of pressure sensors are arranged at intervals along the capillary piezometric tube so as to test the osmotic pressure of different positions of the capillary piezometric tube. Laboratory simulation can be carried out on the process of repairing the polluted stratum by the repairing liquid.

The application discloses a reservoir gas-water relative permeability determination method, and relates to the field of reservoir permeability determination. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a core sample of a target reservoir and determining the geometric size of the core sample; injecting simulated formation water into the core sample until the core sample is saturated, and performing nuclear magnetic scanning to obtain a reference nuclear magnetic signal and an initial porosity distribution; performing a multistage gas injection pressure experiment in an intermittent displacement mode to obtain quasi-steady-state displacement data; constructing a two-phase percolation numerical model with phase permeability curve parameters and capillary pressure curve parameters as to-be-inverted parameters; constructing a target function based on the quasi-steady-state data and performing inversion solving to obtain optimal parameters; and determining the phase permeability curve and the capillary pressure curve based on the optimal parameters. The application obtains the fluid distribution inside the core through nuclear magnetic resonance, obtains quasi-steady-state data in combination with intermittent displacement, and inversely solves the phase permeability and the capillary pressure, so that the problem that the fluid distribution inside the core cannot be accurately reflected and the multi-solution problem cannot be solved is solved, and the influence of the capillary end effect is eliminated.

The present invention discloses a method for predicting the recovery rate of deep coalbed methane, comprising: determining correction values ​​of physical parameters, capillary pressure, reservoir porosity and water saturation, as well as average coal reservoir pressure, cumulative water production and conventional average deviation coefficient of gas under multiple production dates, calculating the actual average deviation coefficient of gas, establishing a prediction model for reservoir gas production, calculating an iterative value of a control volume according to the correction values ​​of physical parameters, capillary pressure, reservoir porosity and water saturation and original gas reserves of the reservoir, returning the iterative value to an initial given value that replaces the control volume for cyclic calculation, determining a first relationship model between cumulative water production and average coal reservoir pressure, determining a vertical axis prediction value of the prediction model under a given exhaust gas pressure according to the first relationship model, substituting the vertical axis prediction value into the prediction model established last time in the cyclic calculation to obtain the recoverable reserves of coalbed methane and calculate the recovery rate, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the reliability of the prediction.

The invention relates to the technical field of crystal structure prediction, and discloses a quantum algorithm-based energetic CxNyOz crystal structure prediction method, which comprises the following steps of: calculating an evaporation and diffusion dimensionless number and capillary pressure by obtaining surface tension, a contact angle, a geometric feature scale, temperature, partial pressure, a diffusion coefficient and an evaporation rate; establishing a residual solvent mole fraction and solvent chemical potential sequence; constructing a binary layer occupancy model Hamiltonian containing layer occupancy energy, adjacent layer action energy, a capillary pressure volume term and a molecular polarity action term, and obtaining a hierarchical occupancy number by using a quantum approximation optimization algorithm; calculating interlayer respiration and shear frequency and mode volume sensitivity based on a quantum variation algorithm; and finally, the lattice spacing and the prediction result are obtained through cost functional minimization, and accurate prediction and quantitative analysis of the structure of the energetic crystal under the unbalanced desolvation condition are realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of mine treatment, in particular to a mine environment treatment method and system based on an AI virtual simulation technology. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a dynamic geological parameter set of a target mine; analyzing the dynamic geological parameter set, and determining liquid injection data and soil capillary pressure detection data; determining a composite diffusion mode of the treatment agent according to the liquid injection data and the soil capillary pressure detection data; analyzing the composite diffusion mode, and determining a spatio-temporal evolution rule; according to a spatio-temporal evolution rule, constructing an AI dynamic simulation model containing a treatment agent permeation feedback mechanism; based on the AI dynamic simulation model, performing multi-node data growth simulation on the plurality of treatment schemes, and generating a treatment effect evolution graph containing stratum response time-varying characteristics; analyzing the governance effect evolution graph, and determining the matching degree of the action depth of the governance agent in each governance scheme and the vegetation planting condition; and determining an optimal treatment scheme implementation path according to the matching degree.

The application provides a shale gas well recoverable reserves analysis method considering dynamic capillary effect, which utilizes shale gas well original production data to obtain a fitting relationship curve of original production and production time, further obtains effective production data, and obtains reservoir capillary pressure and dynamic capillary effect coefficient of each production time through the effective production data, further obtains initial ideal production considering dynamic capillary effect, fits basic parameters considering dynamic capillary effect, then obtains characteristic time, deduces future ideal production, and obtains future actual production after considering dynamic capillary effect again, and finally calculates recoverable reserves (EUR). The method can consider dynamic capillary effect, adopt a capillary bundle model, and make the analysis and prediction result more accurate.

The utility model relates to heat pipe heat dissipation technical field especially, it relates to a V type metal wire woven net and have the heat pipe of this woven net. Its technical scheme includes: woven net cylinder, metal wire, pipe body and pipe head, the cross section of metal wire is V type design, each metal wire is woven into woven rope, each woven rope is interwoven in warp and weft direction and forms the V type metal wire woven net of plane net shape, V type metal wire woven net is completely rolled and forms woven net cylinder, woven net cylinder is inserted in the pipe shell inner wall of pipe body, woven net cylinder is arranged along the pipe shell axial direction of pipe body, both shape mutually adapts, the opening direction of V type groove on woven net cylinder is towards pipe body inner chamber, to utilize capillary pressure drive working liquid and return flow from condensation section to evaporation section. The utility model through V type cross section metal wire woven net cylinder can keep metal wire woven net lightweight and processing advantage, can improve capillary return flow capacity significantly, reduce flow resistance.

This invention relates to the fields of civil engineering and ecological slope protection, and discloses a prefabricated steel pipe confined concrete lattice beam slope protection structure and construction method. The slope protection structure includes an ecological planting substrate, a lattice framework, a recycled concrete core mixed with special materials, an adaptive capillary pressure relief micro-valve, and a sensing and monitoring unit. The structure, combined with sleeves and sliding wedges at the assembly nodes, converts the water absorption and expansion thrust of the concrete into radial expansion, effectively releasing local deformation caused by slope settlement. Its core function is to utilize the node expansion to deform the alloy ring, opening the pressure relief micro-valve and draining excess water to the ecological substrate. This invention avoids shear stress concentration and utilizes the structure's spontaneous adjustment and pressure relief mechanism to the hydrological environment, solving the problem of sudden stress caused by uneven local water inflow during short-term heavy rainfall, effectively improving the stability and ecological adaptability of the slope protection.

A pipette includes a capillary, a pressure chamber, a drive unit, and a control unit. The capillary has a first end and a second end that are two ends in a length direction and that are open. The pressure chamber communicates with an inside of the capillary via the second end. The drive unit changes a volume of the pressure chamber. The control unit controls the drive unit. The control unit outputs a vibrational movement signal that drives the drive unit so that a liquid moves from a mid-position in the capillary to a finish position that is located closer to the second end than the mid-position. The vibrational movement signal has a waveform that drives the drive unit so that the volume of the pressure chamber alternately increases and decreases repeatedly.

The application discloses a kind of multilayer heterogeneous reservoir percolation simulation analysis methods based on digital core, including obtaining the three-dimensional digital core model of high-permeability reservoir sample, medium-permeability reservoir sample and low-permeability reservoir sample;Get the pore network model after commingling;Based on the pore network model after commingling, simulate oil-water displacement and suction process by percolation theory, calculate the corresponding capillary pressure curve and relative permeability curve, and compare and analyze percolation characteristics.The beneficial effects of the technical scheme proposed in the application include: based on the pore network model after commingling, simulate oil-water displacement and suction process by percolation theory, calculate the corresponding capillary pressure curve and relative permeability curve, and compare and analyze percolation characteristics.Thereby, the multilayer heterogeneous reservoir percolation process can be simulated, and the interlayer interference influence mechanism and residual oil distribution characteristics during multilayer commingling in the reservoir with large differences in low-permeability and heterogeneity can be truly reflected.

This invention discloses a gas-water two-phase flow simulation method based on pore size evolution, belonging to the field of multiphase flow simulation technology. The method includes: discretizing the porous medium into a pore network model composed of pore nodes and connecting throats, and defining geometric parameters for each throat; updating the equivalent radius, cross-sectional area, perimeter, and shape factor of the throat at the next time step based on the pore size evolution equation, and further updating the single-phase fluid conductivity and capillary pressure of the throat at the next time step; solving for the fluid pressure field and flow rate field satisfying the law of mass conservation and Kirchhoff's equations in the pore network model according to the single-phase fluid conductivity and capillary pressure of the throat at the next time step, and advancing the gas-water two-phase interface until the termination condition is met, outputting the simulation results of the gas-water two-phase flow model. This method breaks through the static assumption of fixed pore throat geometry, achieving accurate characterization of the dynamic changes of pore throat structure in real underground environments, thus improving the accuracy of the simulation results.

The invention discloses a method and a system for analyzing a petroleum secondary migration mode. Comprising the following steps: carrying out an indoor physical experiment on to-be-evaluated petroleum to obtain a capillary number index for representing a competitive characteristic between capillary pressure and viscous force and a Bo number index for representing a competitive characteristic between buoyancy and capillary pressure in a secondary migration process of the to-be-evaluated petroleum; according to the ratio of the capillary number index to the Bo number index, determining the main power type of the to-be-evaluated petroleum by using a preset displacement pressure and buoyancy control migration mode identification chart; and determining the fluid secondary migration mode of the to-be-evaluated petroleum according to the main power type. According to the invention, the petroleum secondary migration law under different geological conditions can be analyzed.

The invention relates to the technical field of exploration and development, in particular to an intelligent reservoir classification method, device and equipment based on a capillary pressure curve. Comprising the following steps: acquiring experimental data of a plurality of capillary pressure curves, and carrying out hemp skin effect correction and formation condition capillary pressure curve conversion; a non-reservoir capillary pressure curve is removed from the pore throat distribution curve, reservoir classification features of the reservoir capillary pressure curve are obtained, classification preparation of the reservoir capillary pressure curve is achieved, and distance function construction of data standardization and reservoir classification feature parameters is completed; constructing a distance function of capillary pressure curve classification according to the parameters of the reservoir classification features, and performing clustering; and generating a classification result of each capillary pressure curve based on a clustering result of the distance function. According to the method, the most basic capillary pressure curve data is input, and multi-level reservoir classification is realized by integrating all the data of the capillary pressure curve.

The invention relates to a composite admixture for improving the dry shrinkage performance of alkali slag cement, and a preparation method and a use method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of building materials. The composite additive is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 30 to 50 parts of potassium dodecyl sulfate, 30 to 50 parts of alkali slag, 10 to 20 parts of nano silicon dioxide, 2 to 6 parts of stearic acid and 15 to 25 parts of sodium lignin sulfonate. By reasonably preparing the components in the admixture and using amounts of the components and utilizing the synergistic effect of the components, the internal pore structure of an alkali slag cement test piece is remarkably improved, and the capillary pressure is reduced, so that the drying shrinkage phenomenon is reduced. In addition, the admixture almost has no adverse effect on the mechanical property of an alkali-activated slag cement test piece, the synthesis method is simple and convenient, the raw materials are easy to obtain, and the admixture has good industrial production prospects.

The invention relates to the technical field of functional composite materials, and discloses an anti-adhesion master batch for a biaxially oriented film and a preparation process of the anti-adhesion master batch for the biaxially oriented film, and the preparation process comprises the following steps: pre-mixing mesoporous silica with specific pore diameter, pore volume and particle size with homo-polypropylene particles, feeding into a co-rotating twin-screw extruder provided with a zero-pressure conveying area and a wide-gap kneading block, and extruding to obtain the anti-adhesion master batch for the biaxially oriented film. The melt temperature is controlled to be 230-270, and the rotating speed of a screw is adjusted so that the average retention time of the material can be within the range of 120-150 s. According to the preparation method, the melt viscosity is adjusted and controlled through an infiltration dynamic window, polypropylene chain segments are migrated into silicon dioxide pores through capillary pressure, the infiltration depth is limited, and a radial refractive index gradient transition layer is constructed on the peripheral side of the anti-blocking agent; abrupt change of phase interface refractive index is eliminated, visible light scattering is inhibited, and the technical problem of mutual restriction of anti-adhesion performance and optical transparency is solved.

The present invention provides a method, device, system, and medium for calculating shale oil saturation. The method uses interval porosity from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging data as a basis to determine the correlation between porosity after determining the interval porosity cutoff value and S1. The quality of the correlation indicates the amount of oil-bearing reservoir space. This method can serve as an indicator of shale oil content. This method addresses the unsuitability of conventional reservoir oil content evaluation methods for shale reservoirs, such as closed coring for saturation determination, logging saturation interpretation models based on rock physics experiments, and calculation of original oil saturation using capillary pressure curves. Accurately calculating the oil and gas saturation of shale reservoirs aids well logging evaluation of reservoirs and oilfield exploration and development. This method offers unparalleled advantages over other saturation models for calculating shale reservoir oil content, demonstrates significant practical application results, and is highly valuable for promotion.

The invention provides an asphalt pavement pit slot cold patching repairing method, and relates to the technical field of pit slot repairing, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out pit slot space cleaning on a pavement pit slot, carrying out pit slot boundary shaping based on a pit slot space cleaning result, determining a main body pressure bearing area, determining an edge load avoiding area based on the main body pressure bearing area, and carrying out layout adaptation confirmation on the edge load avoiding area. A sacrificial core arrangement position is arranged in an edge load avoiding area on the outer side of a main body pressure bearing area, the sacrificial core arrangement position is communicated with a low-position communication area and a lateral release area in a pit slot, and then a withdrawable sacrificial core is pulled away after a cold patch restoration body reaches an initial stable state, so that a hidden capillary pressure relief channel is formed; therefore, moisture, water vapor pressure and trace free water accumulated in the restoration body can be continuously released outwards, and the problems that after existing pit slot cold repairing, internal water vapor is not prone to being discharged, and stripping and secondary damage are prone to being caused are solved.

The invention discloses a method for designing and calculating the width of a sealing surface of a mechanical seal. The method comprises the following steps: S1, acquiring end surface morphology parameters, working condition parameters, the inner diameter of the sealing surface and interface parameters of a dynamic ring and a static ring of the mechanical seal; s2, determining the wettability of the dynamic and static ring sealing surfaces according to the sealing surface interface parameters of the dynamic and static rings; s3, determining the maximum height of the dynamic and static ring contact interface gap according to the end surface morphology parameters of the dynamic and static rings; s4, determining the capillary pressure of the contact interface of the dynamic and static rings according to the sealing surface interface parameters of the dynamic and static rings; s5, establishing a mechanical equilibrium equation in the capillary gap of the contact interface of the dynamic ring and the static ring; and S6, calculating the width of the sealing surface according to a mechanical equilibrium equation and the inner diameter of the sealing surface. The problem that the sealing face is too wide or too narrow due to the adoption of an empirical mode can be effectively solved, the capillary effect of the sealing face can be fully played under the reasonable sealing width of the mechanical seal, the leakage suppression effect is achieved, leakage is avoided, and the sealing performance of the mechanical seal is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of tight gas reservoir development, and discloses a composition for pickling blockage removal, which is characterized in that the composition for pickling blockage removal comprises acid, a water block removal agent and phosphate, wherein the water lock removing agent comprises a fluorocarbon surfactant, a polyether surfactant and a silicon ion type surfactant. The composition for pickling and blocking removal can efficiently remove a mud cake blocking barrier formed between a tight gas reservoir seepage channel and a shaft, so that the permeability is improved, the water blocking removal agent can interact and synergistically interact, and the capillary pressure of water is greatly reduced; and water blocking damage caused by percolation of drilling fluid and spontaneous imbibition of capillary force of a tight gas reservoir in the drilling process is eliminated.

The application belongs to the field of rock physics and geophysical exploration, and relates to a simulation method for wettability affecting dispersion and attenuation of partially saturated sandstone, which comprises the following steps: S1. establishing a relationship between capillary pressure and water saturation for wettability correction; S2. calculating equivalent pore throat radius and effective permeability according to the relationship between capillary pressure and water saturation; S3. calculating characteristic frequency and complex bulk modulus under different wettability conditions based on a partially saturated patchy medium model; S4. simulating and comparing the characteristics of longitudinal wave velocity and attenuation under different wettability and water saturation conditions, analyzing the modulation law of frequency-dependent acoustic response caused by wettability change, and realizing quantitative characterization of the wettability effect. The step-by-step modeling method proposed in the application, combined with the wettability correction parameter represented by the contact angle, can systematically calculate the continuous coupling process from capillary pressure to equivalent pore throat structure and equivalent permeability to acoustic response, and realize quantitative analysis of the wettability change on the dispersion and attenuation law.

The present invention describes a method to generate a water saturation model with uncertainties from capillary pressure data. This method has application in wells, for the determination of possible regions of mobile water within a hydrocarbon zone, and at the reservoir scale, for the generation of a water saturation model that takes into account possible uncertainties in relation to capillary pressure curves.

The application belongs to the technical field of heat dissipation devices, and specifically discloses an ultrathin vapor chamber based on a bionic capillary wick, which comprises a lower cover plate, a primary wick, a bionic secondary wick and an upper cover plate. The lower cover plate is provided with a cavity, and the cavity is filled with a liquid working medium; the primary wick is laid on the inner bottom surface of the cavity; the bionic secondary wick is laid on the top surface of the primary wick; and the upper cover plate is connected to the top of the lower cover plate to seal the primary wick and the bionic secondary wick in the cavity of the lower cover plate. The primary wick and the bionic secondary wick are the same or different porous medium structures, and the ultrathin vapor chamber is sequentially divided into an evaporation zone, an adiabatic zone and a condensation zone along the length direction. The application effectively enhances the capillary pressure, improves the liquid return rate and optimizes the condensation heat transfer performance through the synergistic effect of the multi-stage wicks, the zoned design of the superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic structures and the gradient design of the bionic capillary wick, and has the advantages of improving the heat transfer limit and reducing the condensation thermal resistance.

A method for establishing mathematical model of relationship between spontaneous imbibition volume and time of porous medium includes sample pretreatment, fully-saturation and centrifugal experiments and NMR T2 measurement. First, two rock core samples of predetermined size are selected for cleaning and drying. The first rock sample is vacuumed and injected with water to obtain a saturated sample for NMR T2 measurement. Then, spontaneous imbibition experiment is conducted on another sample, and T2 measurements are conducted to obtain the water distribution and migration characteristics during the imbibition process. Next, the calculation of the imbibition permeability, average capillary pressure and surface relaxivity are conducted based on the NMR data obtained from two samples. Finally, substitute these parameters into the Handy relationship to obtain a new NMR-based mathematical spontaneous imbibition model.

The present invention provides a flexible heat pipe based on a bionic directional liquid delivery structure and a manufacturing process, relating to the field of flexible heat pipes. To address the problem that the heat dissipation efficiency of current flexible heat pipes cannot meet demand, liquid absorption channels and raised columns are formed on the flexible substrate of the flexible heat pipe. The raised columns adopt a bionic structure to increase the capillary pressure of the flexible substrate serving as a liquid absorption core to pump the working fluid, effectively improve the gas-liquid circulation inside the flexible heat pipe, enhance the heat dissipation effect of the local area, thereby improving the heat dissipation capacity and environmental stability of the flexible heat pipe and increasing the service life of electronic equipment.

This invention discloses a method for predicting the fluid dynamics of a foam rotating packed bed based on a porous media resistance model, relating to the field of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment technology. The invention includes the following steps: constructing a geometric model of the foam rotating packed bed and meshing it; establishing an Eulerian porous media framework; embedding a novel gas-liquid porous media resistance model; coupling three sub-models, including a capillary pressure model, a mechanical dispersion force model, and an effective interface area model; performing CFD simulation settings and solving; and outputting and analyzing the prediction results. The fluid dynamics prediction method for a foam rotating packed bed based on a porous media resistance model proposed in this invention shows good agreement with experimental data on two key flow indicators: gas phase pressure drop and liquid phase holdup. It exhibits significant technical advantages such as high prediction accuracy, high computational efficiency, and a wide range of applicable operating conditions, providing reliable theoretical support and computational tools for the industrial design, performance optimization, and engineering application of foam-packed rotating beds.