The invention discloses a detection method and a device for ion mobility spectrometry of excited state molecular collision surface desorption ionization, an excited state generator is arranged in front of an ion entrance of a mobility tube of the ion mobility spectrometry, a placement region of the samples to be measured is arranged between the excited state generator and the ion mobility spectrometry, which is exposed in the atmosphere directly, the excited state generator includes a discharge cavity, the front end of the interior of the discharge cavity is connected with a discharge part, the back end of the discharge part is equipped with an ion filter door and an exclusion electrode sequentially, the back end of the exclusion electrode is an outlet of the discharge cavity, and an ion introducing electrode is arranged in the mobility tube of the ion mobility spectrometry. The invention can work in the open atmospheric environment, the measured surface does not need the pretreatment, the invention can realize the desorption ionization and rapid detection in situ of the trace components on the surface of the object, the invention can not only be used for analysis and detection of the surface pesticide residues, but can also be applicable to the detection of the toxic and harmful dangerous goods on the surface of the object. The invention is characterized by rapid detection speed, high sensitivity, small volume of the device, easy operation and so on.