37 results about "Field capacity" patented technology

The invention discloses an irrigation index prediction method based on meteorological data and field moisture capacity, and relates to the technical field of intelligent agriculture, and the method comprises the steps: collecting real-time meteorological data, real-time soil volumetric water content data, soil matrix potential data and future precipitation forecast data, and carrying out quality control and time alignment processing to obtain a multi-source data set; the method comprises the following steps: calculating evapotranspiration of a reference crop according to real-time meteorological data, obtaining actual water demand of the crop in combination with a crop coefficient, calculating a moisture stress coefficient according to real-time soil volumetric water content data and a field moisture capacity static parameter value, and obtaining a basic irrigation demand index in combination with future precipitation forecast data. According to the method, the evapotranspiration amount is separated by adopting the Shuttleworth-Wallace model, the irrigation index integrating the crop evapotranspiration amount, the water deficit amount and the effective precipitation amount is generated on the basis of multi-period rolling water balance calculation and risk decision rules, and online calibration of soil parameters and optimization of irrigation decision are achieved.

The invention discloses a Xinanjiang model correction method based on CLDAS soil humidity assimilation. Soil moisture constants such as field capacity FC and wilting point WP are calculated; corresponding and mapping of a CLDAS observation layer and a model three-layer soil structure (WU, WL and WD) are realized through layered interpolation. For the problem of missing measurement of the CLDAS, a reconstruction model based on space-time Transform is introduced for filling, pixel-level uncertainty is output, and an EnKF observation covariance matrix is constructed based on the pixel-level uncertainty. And then dynamically updating the three-layer soil water content state of the model by using ensemble Kalman filtering, thereby reducing the influence of soil humidity initial estimation and simulation deviation on flood simulation. The flood simulation and real-time forecasting precision can be effectively improved, the method has the advantages of being stable in data source, clear in physical significance and high in applicability, and a new technical approach is provided for state initialization and digital hydrology research of a distributed hydrological model.

The invention relates to the field of data analysis, in particular to a controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision optimization method in combination with soil water content change characteristics, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining an effective infiltration potential energy optimization factor through field water capacity threshold truncation of a soil volume water content sequence and effective infiltration potential energy time window accumulation difference evaluation; obtaining a water potential lag direction optimization factor through first-order difference gradient direction consistency and trend amplitude gating coupling evaluation of the soil volume moisture content sequence; the DTW local distance is corrected through the effective infiltration potential energy optimization factor and the water potential lag direction optimization factor; and performing release curve weighted prediction on the optimal matching historical sequence corresponding to the optimized DTW distance to obtain an accurate controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision suggestion so as to solve the problems of historical scene matching distortion and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision deviation caused by neglecting of an effective cumulative effect and a water potential hysteresis effect in the existing Euclidean distance measurement.

The invention relates to a soil conditioner for improving saline-alkali soil as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of agricultural soil improvement, and the conditioner comprises furfural residues, a deadwood fermented organic fertilizer, a microbial agent, a protein material and calcium superphosphate. Experimental results show that the conditioner can significantly improve the physical structure of saline-alkali soil, the porosity is increased to 90% or above, the field moisture capacity is increased by 40-80%, and the soil moisture content is greatly increased. Meanwhile, in planting of saline-alkali tolerant plants such as caragana microphylla and Sadong green, the seedling rate of the F2 group formula applying the conditioner is increased to 45-55%, and growth indexes such as plant height, stem diameter and root development of the plants are remarkably superior to those of a control group. The method realizes resource utilization of industrial wastes, has the advantages of good improvement effect, low cost, environmental friendliness, simple process and the like, and is suitable for rapid improvement and ecological restoration of the saline-alkali soil.

The present invention discloses a method for determining the field water holding capacity of a seedling raising substrate, which includes four steps: natural water content determination, bulk density determination, and field water holding critical point determination and calculation. In the whole process of the present invention, it is not necessary to take the original soil, but the original soil is made by immersion sedimentation until the structure of the seedling raising substrate is stable, thereby avoiding the destruction of the original soil structure in the process of taking the original soil with a ring knife. In the method of the present invention, the outer wrapping layer of the substrate is cloth, and even if the substrate forms an impermeable layer, gravity water can be smoothly drained away through the small holes on the cloth. The method of the present invention proposes a new method for judging the critical point of field water holding capacity, which drains water by draining gravity water with cotton thread, and the moisture content of the substrate can be distinguished by the speed of water droplets sliding down the drainage cotton thread and the speed of increase of water droplets hanging on the lower end of the cotton thread. This method can more simply and conveniently judge the critical point of field water holding capacity, is simple to operate, and produces accurate results.

The application belongs to the technical field of interplanting mode on root morphological characteristics and yield analysis, in particular to an efficient irrigation planting method for isatis indigotica and soybean interplanting, which comprises the following steps: step one, selecting test field: field test is carried out in May-October, 2023 in Hongshuihe Management Office Yimin Irrigation Test Station in Minle County, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, which is a representative basic irrigation test center in the northwest cold and arid region; step two, test design: the test is a double-factor test, a total of 8 treatments, soil moisture is set in two gradients, W1 and W2, W1 is soil moisture content of 55%-65% of field capacity, W2 is soil moisture content of 70%-80% of field capacity; interplanting modes are single isatis indigotica, single soybean, isatis indigotica 6 rows and soybean 6 rows, isatis indigotica 12 rows and soybean 6 rows, respectively marked as M1, M2, M3 and M4; the test has a total of 8 treatments, 3 groups of repetitions, a total of 24 plots; the soil moisture control depth of film mulching drip irrigation is 60cm; step three, determination index and analysis.

The invention provides a variable irrigation prescription map construction method and device, a medium and equipment. The variable irrigation prescription map construction method comprises the steps of obtaining unmanned aerial vehicle image data, Internet of Things soil sensor data and weather forecast rainfall data under an image coordinate system at the same time and in the same space; a normalized vegetation index and a surface temperature are calculated from the image data, and the vegetation fractal coverage is calculated based on the normalized vegetation index. Establishing a temperature-fractal coverage feature space based on the surface temperature and the vegetation fractal coverage, and calculating a temperature vegetation drought index; the internet-of-things soil moisture content data and the temperature and drought vegetation index data serve as input, the function relation between the soil moisture content and the temperature and drought vegetation index is established, and the soil moisture content of the whole region is calculated and obtained; extracting the field moisture capacity in the current crop planting process; a one-time irrigation quota is calculated by utilizing field moisture capacity, whole-region soil moisture content and weather forecast rainfall data, and a final variable irrigation prescription map is obtained by combining agriculture and an irrigation period.

This invention relates to the field of water demand prediction technology, specifically to an intelligent water demand prediction system and method for rural areas. By quantifying the crop growth process into continuous growth state parameters and constructing a dynamic crop coefficient model based on a sine function, it solves the problems of discontinuous water demand calculation and physiological distortion caused by traditional step-type models during growth stage transitions. It corrects root depth and combines measured soil moisture content with preset field capacity to dynamically constrain effective precipitation, overcoming the shortcomings of existing technologies that ignore basic soil moisture conditions and overestimate the contribution of natural precipitation. By constructing a priority score based on water depletion time and growth sensitivity, it achieves rational scheduling in scenarios with limited water resources across multiple plots, ensuring the continuity of crop physiological water demand and improving the precision of irrigation decisions and water resource utilization efficiency.

This invention discloses an irrigation index prediction method based on meteorological data and field capacity, belonging to the field of smart agriculture technology. The method includes collecting real-time meteorological data, real-time soil volumetric water content data, soil matrix potential data, and future precipitation forecast data, and performing quality control and time alignment processing to obtain a multi-source dataset. Based on the real-time meteorological data, a reference crop evapotranspiration is calculated, and combined with the crop coefficient, the actual water requirement of the crop is obtained. Based on the real-time soil volumetric water content data and the static parameter value of field capacity, a water stress coefficient is calculated, and combined with future precipitation forecast data, a basic irrigation demand index is obtained. This invention uses the Shuttleworth-Wallace model to separate evapotranspiration and, based on multi-period rolling water balance calculation and risk decision rules, generates an irrigation index that integrates crop evapotranspiration, water deficit, and effective precipitation, achieving online calibration of soil parameters and optimization of irrigation decisions.

This invention discloses an artificial intelligence-based method for drip irrigation under mulch film in cotton, belonging to the field of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology. The method includes the following steps: constructing a multi-source heterogeneous sensing network to collect multimodal data on soil profiles, meteorological environment, and crop canopy; constructing a physical information-guided deep learning network PIDL-Net, coupling the physical priors of the crop growth mechanism model under mulch film with deep learning to predict the daily water requirement of cotton; based on automatic identification of the growth stage, using a dynamic soil moisture threshold with field capacity as the benchmark for adaptive irrigation decisions; achieving closed-loop precise execution of the drip irrigation system through independent zone control of electromagnetic valves, adaptive PID regulation of pipeline pressure, and precise water metering; and using a federated learning framework for online continuous optimization of the model. This invention achieves intelligent and precise management of the entire process of drip irrigation under mulch film in cotton, saving 20%–30% of water and improving irrigation water use efficiency by 25%–40%, balancing yield assurance and efficient water resource utilization.

The invention discloses a secondary salinization soil bioremediation method based on bacillus pumilus and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of environmental protection. The problems that an existing microbial agent is low in nitrate tolerance, poor in conversion efficiency and limited in growth promoting capacity are solved. According to the technical scheme, the bacillus pumilus Y10 (the preservation number is CGMCC No.25291) has the nitrate tolerance concentration of 800-1200 mg.L <-1 >, nitrate larger than or equal to 500 mg.L <-1 > is converted by 80% or above within 18-24 hours, indoleacetic acid secreted by the bacillus pumilus Y10 is larger than or equal to 15 mg.L <-1 >, and siderophore secreted by the bacillus pumilus Y10 is larger than or equal to 20 mg.L <-1 >; according to the salt damage repairing and growth promoting integrated microbial inoculum, a strain and a humic acid carrier are mixed according to the weight ratio of 1: 9-1: 11 and are fixed through interaction of hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals' force, and the bonding strength is larger than or equal to 12 kJ / mol; according to the bioremediation method, the microbial agent is applied to secondary salinization soil with the nitrate content of 200-800 mg.kg <-1 >, the application depth is 10-15 cm, and the water content of the soil keeps the field moisture capacity of 60-70%.

This application discloses a method, device, and equipment for measuring soil electrical conductivity, relating to the field of soil testing technology. The method comprises: installing an SFCW-TDR device at a target soil monitoring point while simultaneously collecting the soil dry volume and field water holding capacity of the target soil monitoring point; using the SFCW-TDR device to collect the apparent dielectric constant, soil volume moisture content, and soil conductivity of the target soil monitoring point in real time, with the apparent dielectric constant used to determine the soil conductivity; calculating a relative humidity factor based on the real-time collected soil volume moisture content, soil dry bulk density, and field water holding capacity; and calculating the soil conductivity of the target soil monitoring point in real time based on the soil conductivity and the real-time relative humidity factor. This application can achieve rapid on-site measurement of soil electrical conductivity in related technologies, addressing the problem of large errors in the results and improving the accuracy and real-time performance of soil conductivity measurements.

The application discloses the technical field of agricultural drought monitoring and a kind of agricultural drought monitoring method based on multi-source soil moisture fusion, the method includes the following steps: obtaining active remote sensing soil moisture data, passive remote sensing soil moisture data and VIC model soil moisture data;Scale recalibration is carried out to active remote sensing soil moisture data and passive remote sensing soil moisture data by constructing cumulative distribution function;Multi-source soil moisture fusion is carried out using TC algorithm by season;Soil relative humidity index is calculated based on fusion soil moisture data and field water capacity data;Drought grade is determined based on soil relative humidity index and soil texture data.The application uses the mode of multi-source data fusion by season, not only solves the problem of insufficient monitoring depth and space-time discontinuity of remote sensing soil moisture, but also solves the problem of simulation deviation caused by irrigation influence of model soil moisture, and realizes the accurate monitoring of national scale agricultural drought.

The application relates to the technical field of soil hydrology, in particular to a field water-holding capacity fusion calculation method based on multi-source soil data. The method can effectively improve the field water-holding capacity estimation precision and reduce errors by comprehensively considering the precision characteristics of multi-source soil data, constructing a field water-holding capacity fusion factor set based on multi-source soil data based on a trained and existing soil transfer function, and determining an optimal fusion scheme, and solves the technical problem that the existing field water-holding capacity estimation method has a large error.

The application discloses a kind of northern flax one season two crops cultivation methods, process includes: in autumn, and in late April of next year sowing is carried out;Before mature period, routine field management, mature period, and timely spray irrigation is carried out, and the height of seedling is 8-10cm when weed is removed;After the first season harvest, spray irrigation treatment, soil humidity is kept at 60% to 70% of field water holding capacity, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed on leaf surface during full flowering period to green maturity period.The cultivation method of the application can realize the maturation of the second seed after the first harvest, and the yield of the second harvest seed can reach more than 20 kg, which can increase the yield by more than 50% compared with the conventional cultivation technology.

A fluid dispensing device using only gravity to provide fluid to plant growing medium, for example soil, to the point of either saturation or field capacity. The fluid dispensing device may comprise a mechanism to cease supply of fluid when a threshold amount of fluid in a plant growing medium is detected. The fluid dispensing device may be used to calculate field capacity of different soils. The invention further discloses a gravity powered device for irrigating an area evenly and at a constant rate of irrigation.

The present application relates to the field of data analysis, and more particularly to a method for optimizing controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision-making combined with soil moisture change characteristics, which comprises: obtaining an effective infiltration potential optimization factor by thresholding the field water-holding capacity of the soil volume moisture content sequence and evaluating the cumulative difference of the effective infiltration potential time window; obtaining a water potential lag direction optimization factor by coupling the gradient direction consistency of the first-order difference of the soil volume moisture content sequence and the trend amplitude gating; correcting the DTW local distance by the effective infiltration potential optimization factor and the water potential lag direction optimization factor; and obtaining precise controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision-making suggestions by weighted prediction of the optimal matching historical sequence corresponding to the optimized DTW distance, so as to solve the problem of historical scene matching distortion and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application decision-making deviation caused by the neglect of effective cumulative effect and water potential lag effect in the existing Euclidean distance measurement.

The invention discloses a method for relieving continuous cropping obstacles of Tibetan medicine continuous cropping land, and relates to the field of agricultural planting. Comprising the following steps: soil deep ploughing and matrix adding: performing deep ploughing and upturned soil airing on a target land parcel at the depth of 30-40cm, after airing, uniformly spreading a decomposed sheep manure organic fertilizer according to the dosage of 200-300kg per mu, and spreading plant ash according to the dosage of 80-120kg per mu; inoculating with a specific microbial agent: uniformly mixing a compound microbial agent with fine moisture soil, and uniformly spreading the mixture on the surface of the treated soil; after the step S2 and the step S3 are completed, a degradable material is adopted for conducting full ground covering, the covering time is 25-35 days, and the soil humidity is kept to be 50%-60% of the field moisture capacity in the period; planting and growing period management: ditching or digging holes after uncovering the film. According to the method, the problem of continuous cropping obstacles is systematically solved through a three-in-one technical path of bioremediation, soil improvement and ecological regulation and control.

A method for slowing down facility soil degradation, during the idle period after the planting of the previous crop of facility crops, according to the EC value of the 0-20 cm plough layer soil, adding easily decomposable organic material in the plough layer soil; after ploughing evenly, adjusting the soil moisture content to 80% to 100% of the field water holding capacity, covering the soil surface with a film, raising the plough layer soil temperature to 70-80 DEG C, keeping the soil high temperature for 3-7 days, then uncovering the film and airing for 3-5 days, then the planting of the next crop of facility crops can be carried out; during the planting period of the facility crops, keeping the plough layer soil temperature at 15-20 DEG C, and then applying special fertilizer. The application introduces soil high temperature treatment on the basis of implementing strong reduction soil sterilization method during the idle period, clearly defines the suitable interval of soil moisture treatment and the source of water, and according to the soil salt content, gives the optimized type and addition amount of organic material, and during the planting period of the facility crops, gives the matching water and fertilizer and soil temperature regulation scheme, avoiding the degradation of the facility soil again.

This invention discloses a method for safe and efficient production of crops in acidic cadmium-contaminated farmland using a silicon-calcium-based soil composition. The method includes: S1 preparing the silicon-calcium-based soil composition; S2 applying the composition to the soil surface 1-3 days before plowing and mixing it evenly, maintaining a field water holding capacity of 30%-70%, and statically maintaining this position for 10-20 days; S3 flooding the soil to a field water holding capacity of 120%-200%, maintaining this position for 15-25 days, and then allowing it to dry to 20%-30%; S4 sowing crops after plowing and managing the harvest. This invention can rapidly improve strongly acidic soils, significantly alleviate aluminum toxicity, reduce soil cadmium activity, avoid soil structure damage and nutrient loss, and achieve safe and efficient crop production. Furthermore, it uses industrial and agricultural waste as raw materials, making it low-cost, easy to apply, and in line with the concept of green and sustainable development.

The invention discloses a method for promoting oilseed rape to restore cadmium-contaminated soil, and belongs to the technical field of heavy metal contaminated farmland soil restoration. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a cadmium-polluted farmland 25-35 days before sowing oilseed rape, and adjusting the pH value of the soil to 5.0-5.9; 1-3 days before sowing, rotary tillage is conducted, and ammonium nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied according to a specific proportion; after sowing, final singling is conducted in the five-leaf stage of the oilseed rape, and the soil water content is maintained to be 70%-80% of the field water capacity. By accurately regulating and controlling the pH value, the moisture and the nutrient form of the soil, the enrichment efficiency of the oilseed rape on the cadmium in the soil is remarkably improved on the premise that the yield and the economic benefit of the oilseed rape are not affected, the method has the advantages of being easy to operate, low in cost, environmentally friendly and short in remediation period, and efficient remediation and green production of the cadmium-polluted farmland can be effectively achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of heavy metal contaminated soil remediation, in particular to a method for remedying livestock and poultry manure heavy metal contaminated soil, according to the method, soil to be remediated is deeply ploughed before a composite passivator is applied, the depth is set, the composite passivator is applied, watering is performed after uniform mixing, and soybeans are sown after standing; the sowing depth of the soybeans is 1.5 cm, and the soil humidity is kept to be 60% of the field moisture capacity in the cultivation period. The composite passivator is composed of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, biochar and bentonite, the preferable ratio is 1: 1: 1.2, and the bentonite is crushed and sieved by a 100-mesh sieve. Heavy metals such as copper and zinc in soil can be effectively passivated, the soil fertility is improved, soybean growth is promoted, secondary pollution is avoided, operation is easy and convenient, cost is low, and the method is suitable for large-area farmland remediation.

This invention provides a method, apparatus, medium, and equipment for constructing a variable irrigation prescription map, comprising: acquiring UAV image data, IoT soil sensor data, and meteorological forecast precipitation data in the same time and space image coordinate system; calculating the normalized vegetation index and land surface temperature from the image data, and calculating the vegetation fractal cover based on the normalized vegetation index; establishing a temperature-fractal cover feature space based on land surface temperature and vegetation fractal cover, and calculating the temperature-vegetation drought index; establishing a functional relationship between soil moisture content and temperature-drought vegetation index using IoT soil moisture content data and temperature-drought vegetation index data as input, and estimating the soil moisture content of the entire region; extracting the field water holding capacity during the current crop planting period; calculating the irrigation quota using the field water holding capacity, the soil moisture content of the entire region, and meteorological forecast precipitation data, and obtaining the final variable irrigation prescription map by combining agronomic and irrigation cycle data.

This invention relates to the field of soil improvement technology, specifically to a soil conditioner suitable for improving the fertility of infertile soils. The conditioner is obtained by modifying bentonite with vinyltrichlorosilane and dimethylsilanediol, followed by crosslinking with acrylic acid, polyethylene glycol allyl ether, and humic acid. This conditioner can effectively regulate the pH of acidic soils, maintaining them at a neutral level, and can significantly increase field water holding capacity, soil organic matter content, and the content of soil aggregates with a particle size >0.25 mm.

The invention discloses an application of bradyrhizobium sp. G94 in improving the water retention capacity of soil, and relates to the technical field of microorganisms. The bradyrhizobium sp. G94 disclosed by the invention can be used for improving soil moisture indexes (improving field moisture capacity, saturated moisture content and actual soil moisture content) and improving soil pore structures (improving soil total porosity, reducing soil bulk density and improving soil capillary porosity). Test results show that the water-holding capacity of field soil subjected to compounding treatment of 2% of the biochar and the bradyrhizobium G94 is increased to 45.543% from 39.993% of a control group, the saturated water content is increased to 59.800% from 44.503%, and the water-holding capacity of the soil is remarkably improved. Bradyrhizobium G94 is used for improving soil, is more environment-friendly and can achieve a synergistic effect with biochar, the technical bottleneck of an existing fungicide is broken through, and support is provided for constructing a green and efficient corn production system.

The invention provides a method for improving performance of reclamation soil in a mining area, and belongs to the technical field of remediation of the reclamation soil in the mining area. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a sheep manure organic fertilizer with the reclamation soil in the mining area. According to the method, the sheep manure organic fertilizer is mixed with the mining area reclamation soil, so that one or more of soil permeability coefficient, soil bulk density, field moisture capacity, soil effective water and soil total porosity can be effectively improved, and the soil performance of the mining area reclamation soil is effectively changed, so that the soil performance of the mining area reclamation soil is the same as or similar to that of mining area original soil. The method is simple and easy to operate.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of straw return to fields, and specifically relates to a field operation method for improving the carbon conversion rate of straw in dry land in northern China, comprising the following steps: preparing fertilizer; applying base fertilizer; sowing corn; applying the remaining fertilizer; harvesting corn and collecting the corn straw for later use; collecting soil from the topsoil layer of the field and measuring the available phosphorus content of the soil, and ensuring that the available phosphorus content of the topsoil layer is 30-60 mg / kg ‑1 Used to participate in the carbon conversion operation of corn straw; measure the soil pH. When the soil pH is greater than 7.5, add a pH regulator to the soil to adjust the soil pH to 6.5-7.5. The soil pH adjustment range is 0.2-3; plow the corn straw into the field and maintain the soil at 58-65% of field capacity. The amount of straw returned to the field is (6.8-7.3) t / hm ‑2 This method standardizes the operation process of returning straw to the fields, which is conducive to improving the effect and operability of returning straw to the fields, effectively improving the straw carbon conversion efficiency, and solving the problem of increased organic carbon content in the soil of northern drylands.

The present application relates to the field of calculation, extrapolation, or counting technology, and in particular to a method for estimating regional field water holding capacity based on microwave remote sensing. The method comprises acquiring and processing target data; determining the precipitation level of saturated soil and the duration of saturated soil dewatering based on the target data information; determining the date for selecting microwave soil moisture data as the remote sensing field water holding capacity based on the precipitation data; and calculating the field water holding capacity of the remote sensing region based on the microwave soil moisture data and the selection date. The method of the present application can quickly obtain large-scale, root-layer field water holding capacity data with high accuracy, providing scientific, effective, and practical assistance for at least drought monitoring, drought relief management, and farmland irrigation. Through this method, unnecessary financial and material expenditures can be reduced, acquisition costs can be greatly reduced, and the efficiency of actual drought relief management can be significantly improved.

The present invention provides a soil moisture prediction method and system for dryland farmland under limited irrigation, which relates to the technical field of soil moisture prediction. The method includes: dividing the soil into multiple layers according to depth, each layer corresponding to a different water retention and water absorption capacity coefficient, collecting the water content of each layer at multiple moments and its influencing parameters, constructing a time series data set and training a long-short-term memory network model; calculating the water deficit based on the suitable water content of the oats in the current growth stage, and after trend correction, weighting the water retention and water absorption capacity coefficients to obtain the irrigation demand index, and determining the highest priority layer; using the model to predict the water content of the layer at the next moment, combining the field water holding capacity calculation theory and the maximum allowable irrigation amount, and taking the minimum value to correct the moisture content prediction value. The present invention scientifically determines the irrigation priority, realizes on-demand and limited irrigation, and solves the problem that the existing technology has difficulty in assessing the actual moisture content of the soil layer and optimizing resource allocation, as well as the problem of lacking irrigation constraint logic.