The invention relates to the technical field of energy saving of rail transit, in particular to a rail transit braking energy recovery system and hybrid power rail transit. The rail transit braking energy recovery system comprises a brake motor, a fuel battery, an electrolytic bath and a hydrogen tank, wherein the brake motor is used for converting the brake energy of the rail transit into electric energy; the output end of the brake motor is connected with a power input end of the electrolytic bath; and the electrolytic bath comprises a hydrogen output end and an oxygen output end, the hydrogen output end is connected with the hydrogen tank, and the hydrogen tank is connected with the fuel battery and used for providing hydrogen for the fuel battery. Based on the characteristic that a hybrid power rail transit vehicle is provided with the hydrogen tank, only the electrolytic bath is added structurally, the vehicle-mounted hydrogen tank already existing is directly used for storing hydrogen, the structure is simple, the self weight of a vehicle body is lowered, energy conversion efficiency is high, injection of hydrogen is avoided, and operation cost is lowered. Meanwhile, the purity of the hydrogen obtained through electrolysis is high, so that the hydrogen can be directly supplied to the fuel battery to be used without being processed.