The invention provides a dual-mode recyclable pest elimination treatment system and relates to a pest elimination device. The dual-mode recyclable pest elimination treatment system is provided with a treatment chamber, two gas collection chambers, an equipment chamber, a control chamber and a carrying platform; the treatment chamber is used for storing the sterilizing gas; the gas collection chambers are used for recycling the sterilizing gas; the first gas collection chamber, the treatment chamber, the second gas collection chamber, the equipment chamber and the control chamber are fixed on the carrying platform in turn; the treatment chamber is provided with a differential pressure sensor, a negative pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a pesticide application pipeline, a pesticide adding pipeline, a balanced differential pressure gas concentration detection collection box, a positive pressure gas tight detection pipe branch, a vacuum pumping pipe branch, a flat compression channel and a circulating compression pipe branch; each gas collection chamber is provided with a differential pressure sensor, a negative pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a positive pressure gas tight detection pipe branch, a vacuum pumping pipe branch, a flat compression channel and a circulating compression pipe branch; the equipment chamber is provided with a positive pressure air compressor, a pipe heater, a double-sensing type electronic weighing instrument, a vacuum pump unit, a gas infrared analysis concentration detector and a fine powder atomizer.