The invention discloses a portable gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometer, relates to the technical field of optical analysis, and aims to solve the problems that a detection device in the conventional gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometer is complicated in structure, complicated in operation and inconvenient to carry and cannot meet requirements on content determination of outdoor objects to be detected. The portable gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometer comprises a sampling device, a heating device, a gas liquid separation device, a drying device and the detection device, wherein the detection device comprises a sensor, a detector, a signal processing system, a control system and a read-out system, which are sequentially connected; and the sensor is positioned at a gas output port of the gas liquid separation device. The portable gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometer is particularly applicable to determination of ammonia nitrogen, sulfide, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, chloride ions and permanganate index.