A method for determining the presence of
lung cancer in a subject comprises: (i) determining the level of one or more biomarkers in a sample from the subject; and (ii) comparing the level of said one or more biomarkers with the level of said one or more metabolites in a
control sample to determine whether
lung cancer is present in the subject. The biomarkers are selected from: 2-methoxyestrone 3-
sulfate,
testosterone glucuronide, androsterone
glucuronide, 5a-
dihydrotestosterone sulfate, corticrocin, octanoic acid, beta-citryl-L-
glutamic acid, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, 5,6,11-dodecatriynoic acid,
creatine riboside, 3-(carboxymethyl)-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid,
adenosine phosphosulfate, 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3’-
phosphate, cis,cis,cis-10,13,16-docosatrienoyl-CoA,
inosine, N- (2,4-
dinitrophenyl)-2,4-
dinitroaniline,
prostaglandin M, pentadecenoic acid, PE(22:0 / P-18:0), carbamoyl
phosphate, 2-hydroxy-3-oxohexanedioic acid, galactosylceramide (d18:1 / 22:0) and PE-NMe2(18:1(11Z) / 22:1(13Z)). The biomarkers may be detected using
mass spectrometry, or by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA). Preferably, the sample is a
urine sample.