39 results about "Cyclic adenosine monophosphate" patented technology

The invention discloses an anti-aging composition derived from space breeding desert algae as well as a preparation method and application of the anti-aging composition, and relates to the technical field of application of desert algae. The anti-aging composition is an extract of Hassalliasp.P06 after space breeding, and the preservation number of the Hassalliasp.P06 is CCTCC (China Center for Type Culture Collection) M20242054, and the preservation number of the Hassalliasp.P06 is CCTCC M20242054. The anti-aging composition derived from the space breeding desert algae comprises the following components: polypeptide, free amino acid, polysaccharide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The skin care product has very strong moisturizing capacity, can promote the proliferation of skin fibroblasts and remarkably improve the skin compactness, has a soothing effect and oxidation resistance, and can be applied to skin care products or cosmetics to be used as a compactness agent or an anti-aging agent so as to improve the skin aging symptom.

The present invention relates to a composition for maturation of adrenal organoids, a method for maturation of adrenal organoids using same, and a method for transplantation of organoids prepared by the method. In the present invention, the structurally and functionally mature adrenal organoids prepared under optimized culture conditions using the composition for maturation of adrenal organoids containing adrenocortical hormone and cyclic adenosine monophosphate have been structurally and functionally improved, and it was confirmed that the adrenal organoid chip having a three-dimensional vascular network structure manufactured using the same actually replaces the function of the adrenal gland without side effects after transplantation into a mouse. Accordingly, the present invention can be advantageously used for transplantation or regenerative therapy, drug screening, drug responsiveness evaluation, and the like.

The invention discloses a construction method of an escherichia coli mutant for producing succinic acid by fermentation of a synthetic medium. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, knocking out a lactic dehydrogenase gene ldhA, a pyruvate formate lyase gene pflB, a ptsG gene responsible for encoding a phosphotransferase system EIIBC protein, an ethanol dehydrogenase gene adhE, an acetokinase-phosphate transacetylase gene ackA-pta, and a ptsG gene responsible for encoding a phosphotransferase system EIIBC protein in escherichia coli; a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene pck from bacillus subtilis is integrated at an SS9 safety site of a strain to obtain escherichia coli ESC6 with high succinic acid yield; and mutating one or more loci in one or more genes of a glucose-transcriptional inhibition factor gene mlc, a nitrate response regulatory factor gene narL and a cyclic adenylate receptor protein gene crp to obtain the escherichia coli mutant capable of producing succinic acid by fermentation of a synthetic culture medium, wherein the one or more loci in one or more genes of the glucose-transcriptional inhibition factor gene mlc, the nitrate response regulatory factor gene narL and the cyclic adenylate receptor protein gene crp are mutated. The strain can be fermented in a synthetic medium to produce succinic acid, so that the fermentation cost is greatly reduced, and the strain has a very wide application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fungal keratitis medicines. The invention provides application of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and metal salt thereof in preparation of an external product for preventing or treating fungal keratitis, aiming at the problems of poor permeability, low solubility, low bioavailability and possibility of generating toxic and side effects on cornea after long-term use of a clinically common local antifungal drug for treating fungal keratitis. As an antifungal active molecule for external administration, the cAMP has good water solubility, corneal permeability, broad-spectrum antifungal activity and biological safety. Compared with a traditional antifungal drug, the cAMP can be efficiently delivered to a cornea infection part and directly acts on pathogenic fungi by virtue of excellent water solubility and cornea permeability, so that the toxic and side effects on cornea tissues are reduced, and meanwhile, the bioavailability is improved. The cAMP shows good antifungal activity when the pH (Potential of Hydrogen) value is in a range of 4 to 7.5.

The invention relates to preparation of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) detection kit by using a chemiluminescence immunoassay technology. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an important second messenger for cell signal transduction and has wide physiological functions. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is small in molecular weight and poor in immunogenicity, so that when a corresponding antibody is prepared, a proper derivative site needs to be selected firstly, and a derived hapten is coupled with a specific macromolecular carrier to prepare a complete antigen. According to the invention, the antibody with good specificity and strong affinity is successfully prepared by designing and transforming the hapten. The invention mainly relates to design and synthesis of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate hapten, preparation of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate complete antigen and an anti-cyclic adenosine monophosphate antibody, a method for measuring the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and composition and components of a reagent. The design and synthesis of the hapten mainly comprise design and chemical synthesis of a cyclic adenylate derivative. The cyclic adenylic acid derivative disclosed by the invention has a structure as shown in a formula (I) which is described in the specification.

The invention provides a beta-galactosidase compound and a method. The beta-galactosidase compound comprises beta-galactosidase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate combined with amino acid residues of the beta-galactosidase. According to the invention, small molecular cyclic adenosine monophosphate acts on lactase molecules, and the catalytic activity of lactase is significantly enhanced through unique intermolecular interaction. Compared with a traditional lifting means, the method has the advantages that the lifting efficiency is higher, an ideal lactase activity level can be achieved in a shorter time, and a powerful guarantee is provided for lactose digestion and utilization.

The invention relates to the technical field of nutritional health-care drinks, in particular to an FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound drink composition with a myocardial protection effect. The formula comprises the following raw materials: 8 g of water, 2 g of a red date extracting solution, 0.15 g of 1, 6-fructose diphosphate trisodium salt, 0.1 g of deer myocardial peptide powder, 0.1 g of anhydrous citric acid, 0.004 g of potassium sorbate, 0.00003 g of vitamin B1, 0.00003 g of vitamin B2 and 0.00003 g of vitamin B6. The preparation method comprises the following steps: molecular docking; performing ultrasonic synergism; carrying out steady-state treatment; and mixing. The invention provides the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound drink composition with the myocardial protection effect, and the efficacy improvement and clinical application value of a compound myocardial protection product are improved.

The invention discloses an antihypertensive beverage formula and a preparation method thereof, and the antihypertensive beverage formula comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.01-10 parts of saffron, 0.1-100 parts of sophora flower bud, 0.1-100 parts of huanglongcao, 0.1-100 parts of corn stigma, 0.1-100 parts of cassia occidentalis, 0.1-100 parts of white chrysanthemum and 0.1-100 parts of cistanche. According to the invention, the huanglongcao contains baicalin, baicalin, baicalein, scutellaria baicalensis enzyme and the like; the common selfheal fruit-spike contains triterpenoids, flavonoids, steroid glucoside and coumarin compounds, and the cassia seed contains anthraquinones and naphthopyrone compounds; when the components act in the human body, the CAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) level of the human body is increased, so that the platelet accumulation is obviously reduced, the resistance of blood circulation is reduced, the pressure of blood on vascular walls is reduced, and the effects of reducing blood pressure, improving eyesight, inducing diuresis and inhibiting cholesterol synthesis are achieved, so that the purpose of reducing blood pressure is achieved.

The present invention demonstrates the functional enhancement of melatonin-primed stem cells through ten indicators including self-renewal ability, engraftment rate, anti-inflammatory ability, and immunosuppressive ability in a cell culture model. It has been identified that in the primed stem cells according to the present invention, the activity of glutathione (GSH) is increased, through signaling involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein-1 (CREB1) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2) like-2 (NRF2) as a molecular mechanism and, simultaneously, the expression of PD-L1 protein is increased by JAK1-STAT3 signaling. The stem cells primed according to the present invention have improved stemness, and thus can be effectively used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, immune diseases and the like.

Provided are a method of producing a human pluripotent stem cell-derived Leydig-like cell (Leydig-like cells) capable of secreting testosterone stably and persistently, and a human pluripotent stem cell-derived Leydig-like cell. Also provided is a human pluripotent stem cell-derived Leydig-like cell that enables long-term maintenance of a Leydig-like cell secreting a sufficient amount of testosterone, and is improved in efficiency of differentiation induction. The method includes the steps of: culturing a human pluripotent stem cell under a culture condition with addition of one or a plurality of kinds selected from the group consisting of: a WNT canonical pathway activator; bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4); and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and forcedly expressing NR5A1, and is achieved by controlling the timing of addition and removal of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), suspension culture, adhesion culture, and the like.

The invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating ischemic heart failure and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy, and the traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following raw material medicines in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of cassia twig, 5-15 parts of bighead atractylodes rhizome, 5-15 parts of poria cocos, 6-12 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 5-15 parts of acanthopanax, 10-30 parts of fructus polygoni orientalis, 3-9 parts of verbena, 6-12 parts of dogwood and 3-9 parts of honey-fried licorice root. The composition can remarkably reduce the level of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide, remarkably improve pathological changes of heart tissues of model rats, regulate and control the heart functions of the model rats, improve the systolic function of the heart, relieve expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha of the rats and improve the anti-inflammatory effect of the rats. The action mechanism of the compound relates to a plurality of pathways such as extracellular matrix receptor interaction, a chemotactic factor signal pathway, a relaxin signal pathway, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal pathway, a nuclear factor-kB signal pathway, fatty acid metabolism and a Toll-like receptor signal pathway, and the compound is an effective medicament for treating ischemic heart failure.

The application of a drug or medical aesthetic product containing tolvaptan as an active ingredient for inhibiting melanin synthesis. Cell activity detection and melanin content determination show that tolvaptan can significantly reduce the intracellular melanin content without affecting the cell activity. Tyrosinase activity detection shows that tolvaptan does not affect the catalytic activity of TYR. Western blotting experiment shows that tolvaptan can down-regulate the expression levels of TYR family proteins, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R).

The invention provides a preparation method and application of red date paste with a neuroprotective peptide fragment. An innovative process capable of retaining bioactive substances of the red dates to the greatest extent is developed by deeply researching various pretreatment technologies such as air flash evaporation, ultrasonic light cooking and high-pressure cooking, the content of adenosine cyclophosphate in the red date paste prepared by the process is up to 370 + / -14 micrograms per gram, the protein content is up to 1.12%, and the red date paste is suitable for large-scale production. And a key peptide fragment with a neuroprotective effect is found in the red date polypeptide. In a PC12 cell model induced by hydrogen peroxide, Cyclo-GP and Ala-Pro-Ile show a remarkable cell protection effect, and the Cyclo-GP and Ala-Pro-Ile are two of the five candidate peptide fragments with the most remarkable neuroprotection function effects. The preparation process of the red date paste is simple and convenient to operate, high in extraction efficiency and low in cost, not only provides a new technical direction for deep processing of red dates, but also lays a solid foundation for developing red date products with a nerve protection function.

The invention relates to the technical field of prediction models, and particularly discloses a pain and rheumatism syndrome biomarker, a diagnosis / prediction model and a construction method thereof. The pain and rheumatism syndrome biomarker comprises at least one of acetyl vanillin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, methyl vanillate and uridine succinic acid; the pain and rheumatism syndrome biomarker comprises a pain and rheumatism syndrome diagnosis marker and a pain and rheumatism syndrome recurrence prediction marker; the pain and rheumatism syndrome diagnosis marker comprises at least one of acetyl vanillin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and methyl vanillate; the pain and rheumatism syndrome recurrence prediction marker comprises cyclic adenosine monophosphate and uridine succinic acid. According to the application, a diagnosis model of the pain and rheumatism syndrome can be constructed on the basis of the expression levels of the three plasma metabolites, namely the acetylvanillin, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate and the methyl vanillate; based on the plasma expression level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and uridine succinic acid, a gout recurrence prediction model can be developed, and high prediction accuracy is achieved.

Nucleic acid molecules comprising a first sequence encoding a cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel or a functional fragment thereof and a second sequence encoding a chemogenetically activatable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generating receptor or a functional fragment thereof are provided. Expression vectors comprising the molecules, fusion proteins encoded by the molecules, cells, kits and pharmaceutical compositions are also provided. Methods of hyperpolarizing a cell, depolarizing a cardiac cell and treating a disease or condition are also provided.

The application discloses a kind of serum-free epidermal melanocyte culture medium and its application, method includes by dissolving adenine, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), glutamine, retinoic acid, vitamin E, nicotinic acid, sodium selenite, sodium hyaluronate and recombination human type XVII collagen are configured into initial culture medium;Preparation of melanocyte stimulating hormone, endothelin-3, transferrin, triiodothyronine, cholesterol, neuroregulin 1 (NRG1), 3-isobutyl-1-methyl purine (IBMX), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP), cholera toxin, hydrocortisone and recombination human insulin mother liquor;Step three: according to culture and concentration, a certain amount of mother liquor of step two is added to initial culture medium.The culture medium can effectively promote human epidermal melanocyte proliferation, melanin accumulation and help to promote human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into human epidermal melanocyte, provide key advantage for obtaining functional melanocyte with high activity and therapeutic potential.

The invention relates to an application of kunbutton alcohol as an active ingredient in preparation of a medicine or a medical beauty product for inhibiting melanin synthesis. Cell activity detection and melanin content determination show that the content of melanin in cells can be remarkably reduced under the condition of not influencing the cell activity. Tyrosinase activity detection shows that tolvaptan does not affect the catalytic activity of TYR. Protein immunoblotting experiments show that tolvaptan can down-regulate the expression levels of TYR family proteins, ommatidium-associated transcription factors (MITF), cyclic adenylate reaction element binding proteins (CREB) and melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R).

The present disclosure is directed to methods (e.g., in vitro methods) for detecting the presence of neutralizing antibodies to PTH or PTHrP analog in a sample. The in vitro method comprises the steps of obtaining a sample from a subject; contacting the sample with a cell; measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels; and detecting the presence of neutralizing antibodies, when cAMP levels are reduced relative to a negative control sample without neutralizing antibodies. An in vitro method of detecting the presence of neutralizing antibodies in a sample from a subject treated with Abaloparatide is also provided. Further provided herein is a kit for carrying out the methods described herein comprising components required to carry out the obtaining, contacting, measuring and detecting steps and instructions for use.

The invention relates to the technical field of nutritional health-care drinks, in particular to FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound oral liquid and a production process thereof. The invention relates to an FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound oral liquid, which is prepared from the following raw materials by mass: 8 g of water, 2 g of a red date extract, 0.15 g of 1, 6-fructose diphosphate trisodium salt, 0.1 g of deer myocardial peptide powder, 0.1 g of anhydrous citric acid, 0.004 g of potassium sorbate, 0.00003 g of vitamin B1, 0.00003 g of vitamin B2, and 0.00003 g of vitamin B6. The production process of the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound oral liquid comprises the following steps: dynamic enzymolysis; coupling processing; carrying out nanometer stabilization; and filling at low temperature. According to the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound oral liquid and the production process thereof, the industrialization process of the compound myocardial protection oral liquid is improved, and the clinical application value of the compound myocardial protection oral liquid is increased.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicinal and edible foods, and discloses an application of a red date extract containing cyclic adenosine monophosphate in preparation of a food for improving premature ovarian failure. The high-content cAMP in the red date extract is used as a core efficacy carrier, and animal experiments prove that the cAMP can accurately act on the pathologic link of premature ovarian failure. The limitation of single conditioning is broken through, and the dual effects of ovarian function improvement and qi and blood conditioning are achieved. The cAMP in the red date extract is combined with the nourishing effects of the Chinese wolfberry fruits, the rhizoma polygonati and the like, so that the premature ovarian failure can be improved in a targeted manner, and anemia can be effectively corrected. Through high-activity component targeting, multi-effect synergistic conditioning and safe process guarantee, side effects and dependency of western medicines are avoided, technical shortages of traditional products are made up, a safe, efficient and accurate conditioning scheme is provided for women with premature ovarian failure, clinical application value and industrial transformation potential are both achieved, and the pharmaceutical composition is worthy of popularization and application. The policy orientation of high-quality development of medicinal and edible functional foods is met.

Provided is a composition that includes an extract from seaweed and has excellent action and efficacy. This composition is characterized by including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and carotenoids.

The invention discloses a fluorescent probe for cAMP transport dynamic visual detection and efficient inhibitor screening, the fluorescent probe comprises cAMP as a targeting unit and jatrorrhizine hydrochloride as a fluorophore, and the jatrorrhizine hydrochloride and the cAMP are connected through flexible molecules; the fluorescent probe has good water solubility and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, has high sensitivity and stability, can detect the process of transmembrane protein transport cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) in real time, rapidly and highly sensitively, and is especially suitable for the SLCO4C1 membrane protein mediated cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) transport process, thereby realizing visual fluorescence monitoring of the transport process. And meanwhile, the method can also be used for screening proteins interacting with cAMP, such as a PDE protein inhibitor.

The invention relates to the technical field of component detection, in particular to a method for detecting insomnia treatment components of semen ziziphi spinosae with shells, and the method comprises the steps of component identification, insomnia component research and experimental result analysis. Comprising the following steps: carrying out comprehensive characterization on chemical components of shell spina date seed powder by adopting an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole rod-electrostatic field orbitrap coupling technology to obtain a total ion chromatogram; the method comprises the following steps: constructing a wild jujube chemical component information database according to a TCMSP database, a Chemspider database, a PubChem database and related literature data; by utilizing Xcalibur software, the network diagram drawn by the method visually shows the incidence relation between different components in the spina date seeds and anti-insomnia targets and diseases, possible main active components such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and lysimachimine are determined through network topology analysis, and a clear active component clue is provided for research and development of medicines based on the spina date seeds.

The invention discloses a neural stem cell culture medium which is composed of an Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, an HDAC inhibitor sodium valproate, an E-cadherin regulator 8-bromocyclic adenylate, a Wnt signal channel regulator CHIR99021, an anti-aggregation agent polyether F-68, heparin and an NSC complete culture medium. The neural stem cell culture medium is applied to passive control of the size of the neural stem cell aggregate. The invention further discloses a passive control method for the size of the neural stem cell aggregate. The neural stem cell culture medium provided by the invention can effectively and accurately control the size of the cell aggregate, improves the consistency and the cell viability of the cell aggregate under the condition of not influencing the physiological characteristics of cells, avoids the center necrosis problem of the aggregate, provides a more economical and efficient scheme for large-scale culture of neural stem cells, and has wide application prospects. And the application prospects in the fields of cell therapy, drug screening and the like are expanded.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological medicines, in particular to a method for inducing neural stem cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons by a small molecule compound. A magnetic mesoporous silica-phase change liposome composite system is constructed, wherein the surface of a three-dimensional porous bioglass substrate is modified with bifunctional peptide, and a glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor, a transmembrane protease inhibitor and a bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist are loaded on the three-dimensional porous bioglass substrate. A response mechanism of a photosensitive cyclic adenylate analogue and a dopamine synthesis precursor is activated through blue light pulses, and finally targeted sorting is completed by a fluorescent tracing substrate, so that a high-purity functional dopaminergic neuron population is obtained. Through physical microenvironment optimization, chemical signal channel regulation and control and multi-dimensional integration of a light-operated maturation mechanism, efficient and controllable differentiation of neural stem cells to dopaminergic neurons is realized, and a standardized preparation scheme is provided for Parkinson's disease cell therapy.

The invention relates to the technical field of nutritional health-care drinks, in particular to an FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound drink for improving cardiomyopathy and a preparation method of the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate compound drink. The invention discloses a red date health-care beverage, which is prepared from the following raw materials in a mass ratio: 8g of water, 2g of red date extracting solution, 0.15 g of 1, 6-fructose diphosphate trisodium salt, 0.1 g of deer myocardial peptide powder, 0.1 g of anhydrous citric acid, 0.004 g of potassium sorbate, 0.00003 g of vitamin B1, 0.00003 g of vitamin B2 and 0.00003 g of vitamin B6. Comprising the following steps: complexing charges; carrying out microencapsulation embedding; carrying out steady-state treatment; and performing freeze-drying treatment. According to the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate composite drink for improving cardiomyopathy and the preparation method of the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate composite drink, the FDP cyclic adenosine monophosphate composite drink is designed through scientific compounding of active ingredients and an innovative process, the stability, bioavailability and function synergy of core components are remarkably improved, and meanwhile the technical problems that the compatibility of multiple components is poor, and the targeted delivery efficiency is low are solved.

The application relates to the field of biological technology, in particular to application of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in promoting biomass increase of pasture and root nodule, wherein the cyclic adenosine monophosphate significantly improves the fresh weight biomass of the above-ground part, the root part and the single-plant root system root nodule of Medicago truncatula inoculated with rhizobium, and the difference is significant.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological prevention and treatment of postharvest diseases of fruits, and particularly relates to a method for preventing and treating postharvest diseases of grapes, storing and preserving grapes through cyclic adenylic acid induced culture of sporidiobolus pteropteroides Y16. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out induced culture on sporidiobolus roseus Y16 by using an NYDB culture medium containing cAMP with the final concentration of 0.05-0.5 mM, centrifuging to obtain thalli, carrying out resuspension on sterile normal saline to obtain a yeast suspension, punching grapes, injecting the yeast suspension, standing, and injecting an equal-volume aspergillus niger spore suspension to effectively control the sour rot, or uniformly spraying the yeast suspension subjected to induced culture on the surfaces of the grapes, and naturally airing, so as to realize the purposes of disease control, storage and fresh-keeping after the grapes are picked. The method can significantly reduce the occurrence of sour rot after the grapes are picked, reduces the natural rotting rate after the grapes are picked, has no significant adverse effect on main quality indexes of the picked grapes, is safe and environment-friendly, and has a wide market application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of depression metabolism markers, and particularly relates to a depression marker combination, a detection system and application, the marker combination comprises at least three of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, adenosine cyclophosphate, acyl carnitine (11: 1), glucuronic acid and 1-pyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid (P5C), and the depression detection system comprises the marker combination; a liquid chromatograph, a mass spectrometer or a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer; the specific metabolic marker combination of a subject is detected, so that the depression is accurately detected, the sensitivity is high, convenience and high efficiency are realized, and the method can be applied to preparation of products for diagnosing, preventing or treating the depression; comprising a drug for preventing or treating depression, a depression diagnosis reagent, a depression diagnosis kit, a depression diagnosis chip and a depression auxiliary diagnosis system.

The invention relates to an application of tolvaptan as an active ingredient in preparation of a medicine or a medical beauty product for inhibiting melanin synthesis. Cell activity detection and melanin content determination show that the tolvaptan can significantly reduce the melanin content in cells without affecting the cell activity. Tyrosinase activity detection shows that tolvaptan does not affect the catalytic activity of TYR. Protein immunoblotting experiments show that tolvaptan can down-regulate the expression levels of TYR family proteins, ommatidium-associated transcription factors (MITF), cyclic adenylate reaction element binding proteins (CREB) and melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R).