263 results about "Emission spectrum" patented technology

The invention provides an organic electroluminescent material and an organic electroluminescent device, and belongs to the field of organic electroluminescent materials, and the organic electroluminescent material has a structure as shown in a formula I. The organic electroluminescent material has low refractive index, and can be used as a luminescent auxiliary material and applied to a thicker layer in a double-layer luminescent auxiliary material, so that the organic electroluminescent material can be used as a light-emitting auxiliary material. The light emitted from the device passes through the low-refractive-index film layer of the formula I, the organic electroluminescent device prepared by matching the low-refractive-index film layer with the high-refractive-index light-emitting auxiliary material can play a better light gathering role, the light with the specific wavelength in the light emitted from the device is emitted out, the emission spectrum can be narrowed, the light-emitting intensity of the light with the specific wavelength is enhanced, and the light-emitting efficiency of the organic electroluminescent device is improved. The light loss is reduced, the luminous efficiency of the device is improved, and meanwhile, the lower driving voltage and the longer service life of the device are ensured.

Provided is a light-emitting element which includes a light-emitting layer containing a phosphorescent compound, a first organic compound, and a second organic compound between a pair of electrodes. A combination of the first organic compound and the second organic compound forms an exciplex (excited complex). An emission spectrum of the exciplex overlaps with an absorption band located on the longest wavelength side of an absorption spectrum of the phosphorescent compound. A peak wavelength of the emission spectrum of the exciplex is longer than or equal to a peak wavelength of the absorption band located on the longest wavelength side of the absorp-tion spectrum of the phosphorescent compound.

A carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation catalyst and a method of its preparation. The CO2 hydrogenation catalyst includes an alkali-metal enriched bauxite residue including calcium carbonate (CaCO3), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(III) oxyhydroxide (FeO(OH)), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), sodalite, muscovite, and Na5Al2CSi3O15. The CO2 hydrogenation catalyst further includes 1 weight percent (wt. %) to 10 wt. % potassium based on a total weight of the CO2 hydrogenation catalyst by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The CO2 hydrogenation catalyst is used in a method of hydrogenating carbon dioxide to produce olefins.

This invention discloses a method for detecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on ultraviolet fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy, comprising: Step 1, acquiring the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and the fluorescence emission spectrum of a water sample under ultraviolet light excitation; Step 2, analyzing the corresponding CDOM fluorescence spectrum using the ultraviolet absorption spectrum obtained in Step 1; Step 3, subtracting the CDOM fluorescence spectrum obtained in Step 2 from the fluorescence emission spectrum obtained in Step 1 to obtain a mixed fluorescence spectrum containing multiple PAHs; Step 4, performing multivariate fitting on the mixed fluorescence spectrum obtained in Step 3 to obtain the type and concentration of each PAH in the water sample. This invention also provides a PAH detection device. The method provided by this invention is simple to operate and can directly detect raw water samples, thereby obtaining more accurate PAH detection results.

The invention belongs to the field of electroluminescence, and particularly discloses an organic electroluminescent device and a display device. The organic light-emitting device comprises a light-emitting layer, and the light-emitting layer comprises a boron-nitrogen compound as a light-emitting guest material, wherein the structural formula of the boron-nitrogen compound is shown in a formula I; formula I; according to the present invention, the specific boron-nitrogen compound is adopted as the light-emitting guest material of the device light-emitting layer, and on the basis of the rigid structure, the specific boron-nitrogen compound increases the molecular conjugation and induces the intermolecular pi-pi interaction so as to produce the excimer emission; the monomolecular double emission spectrum can cover blue light and yellow light areas, so that the problems of intermediate phase separation and poor color purity stability of different luminescent materials in the prior art are solved. The organic light-emitting device prepared by adopting the specific boron-nitrogen compound has the characteristics of high external quantum efficiency, small device efficiency roll-off and good color purity stability, and further development of a WOLED (White Organic Light-Emitting Diode) device is facilitated.

A chiral dinuclear Zn(II)-complex based on chiral Salen-type Schiff base ligands (R, R / S, S-L) and its preparation method, along with its application in electro-induced circularly polarized luminescence, were presented. With changes in the configuration of the chiral Salen-type Schiff base ligands, this type of chiral dinuclear Zn(II)-complex exhibited different light colors in the visible region. At room temperature, the chiral dinuclear Zn(II)-complex developed based on chiral Salen-type Schiff base ligands introduced by the methoxy (-OMe) functional group showed maximum emission peaks of 467 and 462 nm in CH2Cl2 solution, with CIE coordinates of (0.156, 0.192) and (0.158, 0.190), respectively, located in the blue light emission region. It exhibited a strong ground-state chiral signal and Cotton effect, with an asymmetry factor |g PL |~10 ‑4 The electroluminescent devices CP-OLED-R,R-II and CP-OLED-S,S-II all have a start-up voltage of 6V. Their maximum emission wavelengths for electro-polarized emission are 488nm and 496nm, respectively, with CIE coordinates located in the blue light region at (0.288, 0.305) and (0.283, 0.304), respectively. The maximum current efficiency of CP-OLED-R,R-II is 0.90cd / A, the maximum power efficiency is 0.47lm / W, and the maximum external quantum efficiency is 0.43%. The maximum current efficiency of CP-OLED-S,S-II is 0.83cd / A, the maximum power efficiency is 0.40lm / W, and the maximum external quantum efficiency is 0.38%. The asymmetry factor |g EL |~10 ‑4 .

A calibration light source includes: a broad band light source emitting light in a broad spectral range; and a filter receiving light emitted by the broad band light source and providing structured light by imposing an attenuation pattern exhibiting pattern features at multiple spectral reference lines on the received light such that an emission spectrum of the structured light emitted by the calibration light source exhibits distinct, identifiable emission spectrum features corresponding to the pattern features at the multiple spectral reference lines. A method of calibrating at least one spectrometer using the calibration light source is further disclosed.

This invention discloses an isotope abundance detection method and system based on the centroid method of emission spectroscopy, belonging to the fields of analytical chemistry and spectroscopic analysis technology. This method measures the centroid position of the atomic spectral lines or molecular spectral bands of the target element, utilizing the quantitative relationship between the centroid position and isotope abundance to achieve rapid, accurate, and low-cost detection of isotope abundance. This invention is the first to systematically establish a complete theoretical framework for the use of the centroid method of emission spectroscopy for isotope abundance detection, revealing the strict linearity conditions between the centroid and abundance, as well as the sources of error. This method is applicable to various excitation sources such as microwave plasma, inductively coupled plasma, and laser-induced breakdown plasma, covering both atomic and molecular spectroscopy detection modes, significantly reducing the resolution requirements of the spectrometer and exhibiting good noise interference resistance. This invention can be widely applied in fields such as nuclear engineering, semiconductor industry, environmental science, geochemistry, and medicine.

The application discloses a vanadium ion doped phosphate-based luminescent material, a preparation method and application thereof, and a chemical general formula of the luminescent material is Ca9AlP 7(1‑x) O 28 :xV 5+ , wherein x=0.005-0.04. The luminescent material can generate wideband emission from 400nm to 600nm under excitation of 300nm ultraviolet light, and the peak position is near 480nm. The vanadium ion doped phosphate-based luminescent material emits a spectrum with an integral intensity Omega, which changes as a function of temperature T, Omega=1.457*exp(-T / 145.367)-0.169, and the relative sensitivity obtained at 250 DEG C reaches 2.03% DEG C ‑1 . The material has application potential in the field of optical thermometers and the like. In addition, the luminescent material has the advantages of simple preparation method, low cost and the like.

The application discloses a dihexylfluorene-long-chain alkyl aniline polymer and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of organic polymer polymers. The structural formula of the polymer is shown as formula (I): formula (I). The introduction of the long-chain alkyl aniline in the polymer does not destroy the conjugated structure of the polymer chain, and can appropriately increase the distance between dihexylfluorene units, inhibit the association phenomenon, and then be beneficial to obtaining obvious narrow-peak, single-peak fluorescence emission spectrum and pure light-emitting color.

The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic modules, and particularly discloses a tetraphenyl ethylene-benzotriazole derivative compound and application thereof in the photovoltaic field. The absorption spectrum of the tetraphenyl ethylene-benzotriazole derivative compound disclosed by the invention can be subjected to red shift to 420 nm, so that high-energy ultraviolet light can be completely absorbed; the maximum emission wavelength of a fluorescence emission spectrum is more than 440nm and even can reach 500nm, so that the light utilization level of the crystalline silicon solar cell is improved; the absolute light-emitting quantum efficiency is very high, and the converted wavelength can be better utilized by a photovoltaic device. The substituted tetraphenyl ethylene part contained in the derivative compound has AIE performance, and the fluorescence quenching effect of traditional small organic molecules in high concentration, solid state and aggregation state is avoided. The light conversion film can overcome the problem that the fluorescence quantum yield is remarkably reduced in the laminating process, the performance of the film is not affected when the phenomena of precipitation, agglomeration and the like of auxiliaries in the film occur, and the light conversion film is used for preparing a photovoltaic module.

The invention belongs to the technical field of inorganic scintillator materials, and particularly relates to a multi-element co-doped yttrium lutetium silicate scintillator and a preparation method and application thereof, and the material has excellent comprehensive performance of high light output, short decay time, high radiation hardness, high matching degree of emission spectrum and novel photoelectric sensors and the like. The invention further relates to a preparation method of the scintillator material and application of the scintillator material in radiation detection fields such as positron emission tomography (PET), time flight PET (TOF-PET), interaction depth PET (DOI-PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), high-energy physical experiments, nuclear medicine imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, safety detection (such as luggage and cargo container inspection) and the like.

The invention provides an isotope quantitative analysis method and system based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and relates to the technical field of laser spectrums.The method comprises the steps that a liquid analysis environment is constructed according to the form of a sample to be detected; focusing a pulse laser beam in the liquid analysis environment to ablate a sample to be detected so as to generate plasma; collecting an emission spectrum signal generated in the plasma cooling process; and extracting an isotope characteristic spectral line of a target element from the emission spectrum signal, and carrying out isotope quantitative analysis based on spectral line information of the isotope characteristic spectral line. According to the device and the method, spectral line broadening and self-absorption can be effectively inhibited in mechanism, the resolution ratio of the isotope spectral line is remarkably improved, the device is simple, the cost is low, and a reliable and economical solution is provided for realizing high-performance isotope in-situ and rapid quantitative analysis in the fields of nuclear industry and the like by a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology.

This application belongs to the field of optical simulation technology, specifically disclosing an optical simulation method for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices containing microlens structures. The technical solution of this application first derives the light radiation and propagation characteristics of the nanoscale active stacked thin film structure in the OLED device, generating light source data for micrometer-scale simulation; then, based on the micrometer-scale microlens structure and encapsulation layer structure in the OLED device, it defines the optical transmission characteristics of each interface; next, combining the light source data, the optical transmission characteristics of each interface, and the curved surface structure of the microlens structure, it performs ray tracing on the OLED device including the curved surface structure; finally, it statistically analyzes and calculates the light emitted from the OLED device after ray tracing including the curved surface structure, obtaining the emission spectrum of the OLED device containing microlens structures. This application constructs an optical simulation method applicable to multi-scale microlens OLED devices containing complex three-dimensional curved surface structures.

The application relates to the technical field of isotope detection, in particular to an isotope abundance and ratio detection device and method based on molecular emission spectrum. The device comprises a computer and a long-pulse laser unit, an optical path transmission unit, an LED illumination focusing unit, a three-dimensional displacement table and a spectrometer connected with the computer. The existing viewpoint considers that long-pulse laser is not conducive to micro-area excitation and high-resolution spectrum acquisition due to its wide pulse width, and is less applied in isotope subtle spectral line difference identification. The application breaks through the molecular emission cascade mechanism, enhances the signal intensity, realizes the possibility of micro-area high-resolution isotope molecular detection, generates plasma by in-situ laser ablation, induces molecular emission spectrum, realizes rapid, accurate and real-time in-situ detection of the isotope abundance and ratio in the sample. The device has few optical elements, simple structure and convenient optical path adjustment, and is conducive to miniaturization and on-site application promotion.

This SiAlON powder satisfies at least one of the following (1) and (2). (1) The powder is Cam / 2Si12-(m+n)Al(m+n)OnN16-n, in which m is less than 1.0. (2) The value of Ca / (Si+Al) determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry is less than 0.0595.

Methods and apparatuses dynamic range enhancement of fluorescence detectors are described herein. In one aspect, a method can include collecting, from a sample during a sample event, an emission spectrum that comprises a plurality of emission signals; based on reception times associated with emission signals of the plurality of emission signals, determining a lifetime estimation for the sample; determining, based at least on the lifetime estimation, a pileup factor affecting receiving emissions from the sample; and based on the determined pileup factor, adjusting a number of emission signals measured during the sample event to generate an estimated number of emissions for the sample event.

The application discloses a kind of fast real-time detection light conversion agent method, suitable for sunlight greenhouse and photovoltaic cell field.Light conversion agent absorbs specific waveband light under sunlight and emits another waveband light, but existing technology cannot reflect its spectral conversion effect in real time, intuitively, and is prone to cause ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectrum distortion due to emission light being too strong, with more than 100% abnormal phenomenon.The method uses ground object spectrometer, first tests standard whiteboard reflectance spectrum and normalizes processing, secondly uses standard spectral sample to calibrate, then tests light conversion agent sample, obtains the superposition figure of reflected spectrum and emission spectrum, and intuitively presents spectral conversion effect.Through dynamic adjustment of measurement parameter, adapt to different light conditions, ensure measurement accuracy.The application has the characteristics of fast, intuitive, strong environmental adaptability, can effectively avoid reflectance spectrum distortion, and provides efficient detection means for light conversion agent research and application.

The invention belongs to the field of organic light-emitting materials, and particularly relates to a boron-nitrogen heterocyclic ring dimer with a light-emitting narrow band and a preparation method of the boron-nitrogen heterocyclic ring dimer. The boron-nitrogen heterocyclic ring dimer has a chemical structure shown as a general formula I, and shows a high molar absorption coefficient and a narrow-band luminescence characteristic. The molar absorption coefficient of the boron-nitrogen heterocyclic ring dimer can reach more than 90000 L / (mol.cm), the half-peak width of the emission spectrum can be as low as 5.9 nm, and meanwhile, the fluorescence quantum yield can reach 96%.

An example spectrum measurement apparatus includes: a plurality of first light emitter units, where each first light emitter unit is adapted to emit light having a first emission spectrum in a first band range, first emission spectrums emitted by any two first light emitter units are not correlated, and the plurality of first light emitter units can be operated to emit light having corresponding first emission spectrums to a to-be-measured object in a time-division manner; a first single-point photodetector, adapted to separately detect light intensity of light that is emitted by each first light emitter unit and that is reflected by the to-be-measured object; and a calculation apparatus, adapted to determine a first reflectivity spectrum of the to-be-measured object in the first band range based on the plurality of first emission spectrums and the detected corresponding light intensity.

The application discloses a kind of near-infrared benzothiadiazole dye sensitized rare earth upconversion luminescence nano-probes and preparation method thereof;Probe is composed of near-infrared benzothiadiazole dye and upconversion nanoparticle, benzothiadiazole dye is compounded with ligand-free lanthanide ion doped upconversion nanoparticle, and upconversion luminescence is enhanced.This application preparation method is simple, and it does not involve complex core-shell structure and energy migration process, benzothiadiazole dye is directly compounded with ligand-free rare earth nanoparticle, and upconversion luminescence nano-probe is formed, under the irradiation of 808nm laser, the emission spectrum of benzothiadiazole dye and the absorption spectrum of sensitizer ion in upconversion nanoparticle overlap, which can effectively enhance the upconversion luminescence intensity of nano-probe, and keep good light stability, keep more than 90% of initial luminescence intensity under the irradiation of 120 minutes excitation light.

The invention discloses Mn < 4 + >-doped oxyfluoride red fluorescent powder and a preparation method and application thereof, the chemical formula of the Mn < 4 + >-doped oxyfluoride red fluorescent powder is Mg7-xAxByGe2-yO10F2: zMn < 4 + >, A is at least one of Li, Sc and Zn, and B is at least one of Al, Ga, V, Mo, W, Ti, Si and Sn; 2x + 4y = px + qy, and p and q respectively correspond to chemical valence states of the element A and the element B; 0 < = x < = 0.8, 0 < = y < = 0.6, and 0 < z < = 0.5. The Mn < 4 + >-doped oxyfluoride red fluorescent powder is high in luminous efficiency, good in physical and chemical stability and excellent in quantum efficiency, the emission spectrum is well overlapped with the absorption spectrum of plant chlorophyll and phytochrome, the Mn < 4 + >-doped oxyfluoride red fluorescent powder can be applied to a light conversion film and a pc-LED lamp to supplement light for plants, and the illumination quality of the plants can be effectively improved.

The invention discloses a white light source and a lighting device. The emission spectrum of the white light source is composed of a first spectrum, a second spectrum and a third spectrum. The peak wavelength interval of the first spectrum is 400-540nm, the first spectrum comprises a first main emission peak, and the peak wavelength interval of the first main emission peak is 400-475nm; the first main emission peak comprises more than two wave crests; the maximum width of the spectrum of which the intensity is greater than 20% of the relative intensity of the highest peak intensity of the first main emission peak in the first spectrum is 85-115 nm; and the luminous flux of the emitted light with the wavelength interval of 475nm-780nm in the first spectrum accounts for 75%-90% of the luminous flux of the emitted light of the whole first spectrum. The white light source provided by the invention adopts a three-spectrum design, and the first spectrum comprises more than two light-emitting peak values, so that the light-emitting width of a wave band of emitted light corresponding to the first spectrum can be increased, and the light-emitting performance of the light source is optimized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of luminescent materials, and discloses an aluminum-based phosphate structure near-infrared luminescent material and a preparation method and application thereof, the chemical formula of the near-infrared luminescent material is MAl1-xCrxSbP3O12, M is selected from Na or / and Li; 0.02 < = x < = 0.12. The near-infrared light-emitting material is obtained by dissolving optically active Cr < 3 + > in a crystal phase of an MAl1-xCrxSbP3O12 compound with a monoclinic crystal structure and independently doping, the wavelength of an excitation spectrum of the near-infrared light-emitting material is 400-550 nm and 600-800 nm wave bands, the wavelength of an emission spectrum of the near-infrared light-emitting material is 700-1200 nm, and the near-infrared light-emitting material has adjustable full width at half maximum, can meet a wide spectrum, and is suitable for commercial blue light LED chips, such as LED chips, LED chips, LED chips, LED chips and the like. The material is applied to near-infrared fluorescent powder conversion light-emitting diode devices.

The invention relates to a chromium ion single-doped ultra-wideband near-infrared fluorescent material, a preparation method thereof and an LED device, and belongs to the technical field of luminescent materials. The chemical composition formula of the material is Ca2Sc1-yYyGa3-3xSn2O12: xCr, x is larger than or equal to 0.003 and smaller than or equal to 0.10, and y is larger than or equal to 0.00 and smaller than or equal to 1.00. The material is high in phase purity, simple in preparation process, simple and convenient to operate, environment-friendly and high in synthesis efficiency. Under excitation of 475-500 nm, the emission spectrum of the material covers the range of 600-1600 nm, the material has high luminous intensity in a first near-infrared region (about 855 nm) and a second near-infrared region (about 1300 nm), and the full width at half maximum can reach 200-655 nm. Meanwhile, the material has good absorption in the range of 400-700 nm, can be effectively matched with a commercial blue light LED chip, and is suitable for preparing a high-performance near-infrared LED light source. Compared with the prior art, the material provided by the invention not only can realize ultra-wideband emission covering a first near-infrared area and a second near-infrared area, but also is adjustable in emission peak position and high in absorption characteristic and commercial blue light chip compatibility, and is beneficial to development of high-efficiency and high-stability near-infrared LED devices.

Provided in the present invention are a light conversion film based on a benzotriazole compound, a preparation method therefor, and a use thereof. Specifically provided in the present invention is a light conversion agent having a structure represented in the following formula I, wherein the definitions of R1-R5, Ar1, and Ar2 are as described in any embodiment herein. Also provided in the present invention are a light conversion film comprising the light conversion agent, and a preparation method therefor. Compared with the existing light conversion films, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the introduction of an unsaturated bond in the light conversion film can prevent light conversion agent migration. The absorption spectrum and the emission spectrum of the light conversion film in the present invention can be effectively regulated. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the light conversion agent is a novel light conversion molecule designed on the basis of benzotriazole, and the molecular structure thereof is stable.

A multi-band fiber optic temperature sensor that is configured to provide an independence of temperature measurement from variations in the optical path. An apparatus described herein includes a phosphorescent time constant temperature sensor using one or more portions of the phosphor emission spectrum to measure more than one time-dependent parameter from the emission spectrum of one or more phosphors. Measuring the time dependent parameter (e.g., time decay or time constant of the intensity of the phosphorescence emission) in more than one different portion of the emission spectrum may result in improved accuracy and repeatability. Constraining the measurement of the time-dependent parameter to a portion of the emission spectrum may reduce the dependence of the time-dependent value on the attenuation spectrum of the optical pathway between the phosphor.

Light-emitting element, comprising: a pair of electrodes; and a first light-emitting layer and a second light-emitting layer between the pair of electrodes, where the second light-emitting layer is in contact with the first light-emitting layer, wherein the first light-emitting layer comprises a first phosphorescent compound, a first organic compound and a second organic compound, wherein the second light-emitting layer comprises a second phosphorescent compound, the first organic compound and the second organic compound, wherein the first organic compound and the second organic compound form an exciplex, the first organic compound is a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compound, where the second organic compound is a π-electron-rich heteroaromatic compound or an aromatic amine compound, where a peak of an emission spectrum of the first phosphorescent compound has a shorter wavelength than a peak of an emission spectrum of the second phosphorescent compound, and where the difference between the energy of a peak in an emission spectrum of the exciplex and the energy of a peak in an absorption band on the longest wavelength side in an absorption spectrum of the first phosphorescent compound is 0.2 eV or less.

The invention belongs to the technical field of semiconductor material preparation, and particularly relates to a method for regulating and controlling the carbon-silicon ratio in real time by introducing chlorine and a silicon carbide coating. According to the method, under the conditions of 1000-1300 DEG C and 5-15 kPa, 0.05-2% of chlorine is continuously introduced while a silicon-containing carbon precursor and hydrogen are introduced, an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) is used for monitoring the emission spectrum intensity ratio of C2 to SiCl2 in real time, the emission spectrum intensity ratio serves as a feedback signal, the chlorine flow is dynamically adjusted through closed-loop control, and the content of the silicon-containing carbon precursor is determined. Therefore, on-line accurate control of the carbon-silicon ratio of the silicon carbide coating is realized, and the fluctuation range is less than or equal to + / -0.02. According to the method, free carbon and silicon clusters in the coating can be effectively eliminated, the compactness, surface flatness and hardness of the coating are remarkably improved, and the technical problems that in the prior art, the stoichiometric ratio cannot be accurately regulated on line, response is slow, and defects are likely to be generated are solved.

The application provides a short-wave infrared fluorescent ceramic and a preparation method and application thereof. The short-wave infrared fluorescent ceramic has a chemical composition of Y 2‑z (Ca 1‑x M x )Al 4‑y SiO 12 :yCr 3+ ,zEr 3+ ; wherein M is one or more of Mg, Sr and Ba elements. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, taking oxides, nitrates, halides or carbonates containing Y, Ca, M, Al, Si, Cr and Er elements as raw materials according to the chemical composition and the metering ratio, wherein M is one or more of Mg, Sr and Ba, and then mixing the raw materials to obtain a uniform mixture; S2, subjecting the uniform mixture to a melting treatment, and then cooling to obtain a transparent glass sample; and S3, placing the transparent glass sample into a tube furnace with an atmosphere, and subjecting the transparent glass sample to a heat treatment at 900-1300 DEG C under normal pressure, and then sequentially cooling and polishing to obtain the short-wave infrared fluorescent ceramic. The short-wave infrared fluorescent ceramic prepared by the application has high transmittance, a wide emission spectrum coverage range, high luminescent quantum efficiency and excellent thermal stability.