681 results about "Exciton" patented technology

The invention provides a light emitting device and a display panel. The light-emitting device comprises a first electrode layer, a light-emitting function layer and a second electrode layer which are stacked in sequence; the light-emitting functional layer comprises at least one light-emitting layer, the material of the light-emitting layer comprises a boron-containing light-emitting dye, and the energy level difference between the singlet state and the triplet state of the boron-containing light-emitting dye is greater than or equal to 0.3 eV. In the material of the light-emitting layer, the singlet state and triplet state energy level difference (Est) of a boron-containing light-emitting dye is greater than or equal to 0.3 eV, and the T1 energy level of the boron-containing light-emitting dye is relatively low, so that TTA (triplet state-triplet state annihilation) and TPA (triplet state-polaron annihilation) processes can be avoided, the efficiency roll-off of the light-emitting device is reduced, and the service life of the light-emitting device is prolonged; in addition, the up-conversion process from the T1 energy level to the S1 energy level of the boron-containing luminescent dye can be avoided, generation of long-life excited state excitons in the dye is avoided, and the service life of a device is prolonged.

The invention relates to a high-efficiency near-ultraviolet heat exciton compound with circular polarization property and application of the high-efficiency near-ultraviolet heat exciton compound in preparation of a circular polarization organic electroluminescent device, and belongs to the technical field of organic photoelectric materials. The organic electroluminescent material is a high-efficiency near-ultraviolet heat exciton compound with circular polarization property, nine pairs of near-ultraviolet enantiomers are successfully designed and synthesized by combining chiral group binaphthol with fluorene with high luminous efficiency, and the nine pairs of near-ultraviolet enantiomers all show obvious circular polarization luminous property and high fluorescence quantum yield. The electroluminescent devices prepared based on the nine pairs of near ultraviolet enantiomers all show near ultraviolet emission, and the external quantum efficiency is 3.9%, 3.1%, 4.5%, 7.5%, 6.3%, 5.0%, 10.3%, 9.2% and 11.6% respectively. A new visual angle is provided for developing a near ultraviolet heat exciton material with circular polarization luminescence and high efficiency at the same time, and 3D and wide color gamut display can be directly achieved in the future.

The invention provides a positive quantum dot light-emitting diode and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of photoelectric materials. The invention provides a positive quantum dot light-emitting diode. The positive quantum dot light-emitting diode comprises an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a quantum dot light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode from bottom to top, the electron transport layer is a ZnMgO thin film modified by halogen amine salt. According to the invention, the ZnMgO thin film is modified by using the halogen amine salt, so that the conduction band energy level of the ZnMgO electron transport layer can be moved upwards, the interface potential barrier between the electrode and the electron transport layer is increased, excessive electron injection can be blocked, and the carrier injection balance in the device is promoted. Meanwhile, amino cations in the halogen amine salt can passivate a hydroxyl defect state on the surface of ZnMgO, and high-electronegativity halogen ions enter ZnMgO crystal lattices to passivate oxygen vacancy defects, so that interface exciton quenching is reduced, and the radiation recombination efficiency of the device is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of organic solar cells, in particular to an organic solar cell based on a halogenated additive, and the structure level of a forward device of the solar cell sequentially comprises a transparent conductive substrate, a hole transport layer, an organic active layer, an electron transport layer and a metal electrode from bottom to top, the organic active layer comprises a polymer donor PM6, a non-fullerene electron acceptor L8-BO and a halogenated additive DFBB. Through addition of a halogenated additive DFBB, strong non-covalent bonding is formed by unique sigma-hole interaction of the halogenated additive DFBB and a receptor L8-BO, and meanwhile, the molecular stacking orientation of the active layer can be accurately regulated and controlled by the polymer electrostatic potential extreme value of the halogenated additive DFBB. The halogenated additive DFBB preferentially generates strong sigma-hole interaction with acceptor molecules, ordered accumulation of L8-BO is remarkably enhanced, meanwhile, the crystallization behavior of the donor PM6 is balanced through the synergistic halogen effect, a bicontinuous interpenetrating network structure is formed, and the photo-generated exciton yield is improved.

The invention discloses a high-color-purity near ultraviolet heat exciton compound with circular polarization property and application thereof in preparation of a circular polarization organic electroluminescent device, and belongs to the technical field of organic photoelectric materials. The electroluminescent material disclosed by the invention is a high-color-purity near ultraviolet heat exciton compound with circular polarization property, and two pairs of near ultraviolet enantiomers are successfully designed and synthesized by combining a chiral group binaphthol, a weak donor dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran and an acceptor cyanophenyl; the compounds show obvious circular polarization luminescence property and high fluorescence quantum yield. The electroluminescent devices prepared based on the enantiomers all show near ultraviolet emission, CIE coordinates are respectively (0.168, 0.040) and (0.166, 0.040), and the external quantum efficiencies are respectively 4.3% and 3.4%. According to the near ultraviolet heat exciton material, a new visual angle is provided for developing the near ultraviolet heat exciton material with circular polarization luminescence and high color purity at the same time, and 3D and wide color gamut display can be directly achieved in the future.

A continuous-wave perovskite polariton laser device, including an optical microcavity, a spacer layer, and a gain medium. The gain medium is a perovskite material or a composite material containing perovskite, in a form of thin film, microcrystal, phosphor, nanocrystal, quantum dot, or single crystal. The perovskite gain medium is prepared by solution process or vacuum deposition technique, and is combined with an optical resonator. By exploiting the strong interaction between excitons and photons, a steady-state exciton-polariton condensation is formed, enabling the generation of continuous-wave polariton laser emission with a low threshold. The laser device can achieve low-threshold continuous-wave or pulsed lasing emission at room temperature under various light sources pumping or electrical excitation. Its threshold is 1 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional semiconductor lasers, with an optimized threshold as low as 0.1 to 1 W / cm2, representing a novel ultralow-power coherent light source technology.

The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductors, in particular to a photoluminescence detection method for dislocation density in silicon, which comprises the following steps: preparing a plurality of silicon samples with known dislocation density, and acquiring photoluminescence spectrums of the silicon samples under standardized photoluminescence test parameters; a dislocation eigenpeak in a photoluminescence spectrum is identified; calculating the ratio of the intensity of the dislocation eigenpeak to the intensity of the silicon eigenfree exciton peak, and carrying out weighted summation on each ratio to obtain a comprehensive signal value; establishing a function relationship between the dislocation density and the comprehensive signal value; obtaining a photoluminescence spectrum of the silicon sample under the standard photoluminescence test parameters; identifying a dislocation eigenpeak and a free exciton peak of the silicon sample, and calculating an actual ratio of the two intensities; calculating an actual comprehensive signal value according to the actual ratio, and calling the function relation to obtain dislocation density; based on the PL technology, high-precision, lossless and rapid quantitative detection of the dislocation density in silicon can be realized, and the method has important industrial application value.

Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a device including a plasmonic phosphorescent organic light emitting device (PHOLED) having an anode and a cathode having a thickness of about 5-100 nm. An emissive stack is disposed between the anode and the cathode and configured to produce excitons, and having a phosphorescent first emissive layer comprising an organic phosphorescent first emissive material. The device includes an enhancement layer comprising a plasmonic material exhibiting a surface plasmon resonance that non-radiatively couples to at least the organic phosphorescent first emissive material and transfers excited state energy from the first emissive material to non-radiative modes of the plasmonic material. The device is configured to generate less than 1° C. rise in Temp for every 2.26 mW / cm2 of operating power applied to the device.

The invention belongs to the technical field of perovskite nanocrystals, and particularly relates to a method and device for regulating and controlling the coherence process of perovskite nanocrystal excitons through a magnetic field. The method comprises the steps that incident light beams of pump light and detection white light pass through perovskite nanocrystals at low temperature, a magnetic field is applied in the light propagation direction, the linear polarization eigenstate in the perovskite nanocrystals is converted into the elliptic polarization eigenstate through the magnetic field, and the elliptic polarization eigenstate approaches the circular polarization eigenstate along with increase of the magnetic field; the beat frequency dynamic learning of the perovskite nanocrystal under circular polarized light pumping-detection is gradually weakened; under the pumping-detection of linearly polarized light, the beat frequency dynamic learning of the perovskite nanocrystal is gradually enhanced; the eigenstate and beat frequency dynamics of the perovskite nanocrystal are regulated and controlled by adjusting the magnetic field intensity. According to the method, the band edge exciton eigenstate of the perovskite nanocrystal is regulated and controlled by changing the magnetic field intensity, and the change of the band edge exciton eigenstate can cause the change of the coherent state dynamics process, so that the coherent state dynamics regulation and control of the perovskite nanocrystal can be realized by regulating the magnetic field intensity.

The invention relates to the field of organic light-emitting devices, and particularly discloses a laminated organic light-emitting device and application thereof. The laminated organic light-emitting device comprises an anode layer, at least two light-emitting units, a cathode layer and a connecting layer used for connecting two adjacent light-emitting units which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, the connecting layer comprises a first connecting layer and a second connecting layer which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top; the first connecting layer is made of an n-type dopant material and an organic electron transport material, and the doping concentration of the n-type dopant material of the first connecting layer is gradually reduced from one side of the second connecting layer to one side of the light-emitting unit; the second connection layer is composed of a p-type dopant material and an organic hole transport material. The connecting layer provided by the invention has stronger carrier generation capability and lower driving voltage drop, and can effectively avoid the exciton quenching effect of the dopant on the light-emitting unit, so that the laminated organic light-emitting device has the characteristics of low driving voltage, high efficiency and long service life.

Provided are a heterocyclic derivative and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, which relates to the field of organic photoelectric materials. The heterocyclic derivative of Formula I has high electron mobility and great hole blocking performance, and thus the organic electroluminescent device prepared by using the heterocyclic derivative as the electron transport region material, especially the hole blocking material, has low drive voltage and high luminous efficiency. The organic electroluminescent device can also include a hole transport region, and the hole transport region, especially the emissive auxiliary layer, contains the triarylamine compound of Formula II. Since the electron transport region and the hole transport region of the device can effectively balance carriers, which reduces the quenching of excitons and improves the recombination probability of carriers, the device shows low drive voltage and high luminous efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of organic electroluminescent materials, and provides a compound, an organic electroluminescent device containing the same and an electronic device. The structure of the compound comprises a mother nucleus structure of phenanthro [2, 1-b] benzofuran, and the mother nucleus is connected with substituted triazinyl through a specific position to serve as an electron transport type main body material. When the compound is used as an electron transport type material in a mixed type main body material, the carrier balance in a light-emitting layer can be improved, the carrier recombination area can be widened, the exciton generation and utilization efficiency can be improved, the light-emitting efficiency of a device can be improved, and the service life of the device can be prolonged.

The invention relates to a boron-containing organic material, belongs to the technical field of organic luminescent materials, and also relates to an application of the compound in an organic electroluminescent device. The compound disclosed by the invention has a structure as shown in a formula (I). The compound disclosed by the invention has the characteristic of narrow spectrum emission, is beneficial to improving the luminous efficiency in a device, can effectively increase the recombination rate of excitons, and is beneficial to improving the efficiency and prolonging the service life of the device. # imgabs0 #

The invention relates to the field of nano photonics and optical materials, in particular to an exciton state energy level detection method based on a plasmon enhanced nonlinear spectrum, which comprises the following steps: constructing a mixed nano cavity structure in which a single-layer two-dimensional material is coupled with a plasmon cavity; collecting a two-photon photoluminescence spectrum, a second harmonic spectrum and a third harmonic spectrum of the single-layer two-dimensional material in the mixed nanocavity structure; the intensity of a nonlinear optical signal is improved through a local enhancement effect of plasmons; according to the two-photon photoluminescence spectrum, the second harmonic spectrum and the third harmonic spectrum of the single-layer two-dimensional material, the dark exciton state energy level, the bright state energy level, the dark exciton state energy level and the high-energy exciton state energy level of the single-layer two-dimensional material are determined. According to the method, the energy level of the Rydberg exciton state of the semiconductor material with the nanoscale thickness can be accurately detected.

The invention relates to the technical field, in particular to an asymmetric donor material containing tin atoms and a preparation method and application of the asymmetric donor material, the structural formula of the asymmetric donor material is shown in the formula 1, and in the structural formula # imgabs0,-X is a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom; the tin atom-containing small molecule donor material designed by the invention can form a proper energy level difference with an acceptor material L8-BO, which is beneficial to exciton dissociation, and has better photovoltaic performance in the test of organic solar cells, and the small molecule has a clear molecular structure in the full-small molecule organic solar cells, so that the application range of the small molecule donor material is widened, and the application range of the small molecule donor material is widened. And the difference between the material and the device batch is very small, so that the method has unique advantages in the commercialization aspect. The method is of great significance for constructing a high-efficiency organic solar cell system.

The invention relates to an organic compound, a mixture, a composition, an organic electronic device and a display panel. The organic compound has a structural formula as shown in a formula (I): # imgabs0 #. The organic compound provided by the invention has enough strong hole transport property and stability, and when the organic compound is applied to a light-emitting auxiliary layer, effective exciton blocking can be realized, reverse transport of excitons can be inhibited, the luminous efficiency of the organic electroluminescent device can be improved, and the service life of the organic electroluminescent device can be prolonged.

The invention provides a carbazole ring-containing compound and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, and relates to the technical field of organic electroluminescent materials. The carbazole ring-containing compound provided by the invention has relatively high glass transition temperature and molecular thermal stability, and has a proper HOMO energy level, so that the distribution of electrons and holes in a luminescent layer is more balanced, and the recombination efficiency of excitons in the luminescent layer is improved; when the compound is applied to a light-emitting layer of an organic light-emitting device, the light-emitting efficiency and the service life of the device can be effectively improved. Meanwhile, the preparation method of the compound is simple, raw materials are easy to obtain, and the compound can be widely applied to the fields of organic thin film transistors, panel display and the like and has good application effects and industrialization prospects.

Provided are an organic compound having a structure shown in formula 1, an organic light-emitting device comprising the compound, and an electronic device. The compound comprises a parent nucleus structure formed by fusing 7H-benzo[C]carbazole with dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene by means of a pyrrole ring. When used as a hole transport host material in a mixed host material, the compound can improve the carrier balance in a light emitting layer, broaden a carrier recombination area, improve the exciton generation and utilization efficiency, improve the light-emitting efficiency of the device, and prolong the service life of the device.

The invention relates to modified nitrogen-rich carbon nitride as well as a preparation method and photocatalytic application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing nitrogen-rich carbon nitride and fused salt, and performing secondary calcination to obtain an intermediate; the secondary calcining temperature is 550 DEG C to 600 DEG C; the fused salt comprises a potassium source; and washing and drying the intermediate to obtain the modified nitrogen-rich carbon nitride. According to the invention, potassium ion doping modification is carried out in nitrogen-rich carbon nitride, so that the nitrogen-rich carbon nitride has stronger photon-generated carrier separation and transmission capability because the internal transmission resistance is reduced due to high crystallinity of KC3N5 and K < + > is successfully introduced to serve as a transmission channel for interlayer electron transfer, after introduction of K < + >, Eb of C3N5 is significantly reduced, exciton dissociation and generation of photon-generated carriers are facilitated, and the performance of the material is improved. The effect of producing H2O2 through photocatalysis of the KC3N5 is enhanced; when the photocatalyst is applied to photocatalytic production of H2O2, the production rate of H2O2 can reach up to 117 times of that of C3N5, and the photocatalyst has excellent photocatalytic stability, can efficiently produce H2O2 in a wide pH range, and is suitable for various complex water substrates to remarkably improve the production rate of H2O2.

Provided are a triarylamine compound and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, which specifically relate to the field of organic electroluminescent materials. The triarylamine compound has high hole mobility, good thermal stability and great film formability, and when applied to the hole transport layer of an organic electroluminescent device, can reduce the energy potential barrier in a hole injection process, improve hole injection efficiency so that the hole transport rate is balanced with electron transport, increase the recombination probability of excitons in a light-emitting layer, and achieve the maximum recombination of carriers, thereby improving the luminescence efficiency of the device and extending the lifetime of the device. Therefore, the compound has great application and commercial values in the application of OLED devices and possesses a good industrialization prospect.

The invention provides a tetraphenylethylene-based covalent organic framework material with high fluorescence quantum yield as well as a preparation method and application of the tetraphenylethylene-based covalent organic framework material. According to the material, due to the introduction of an aggregation-induced emission unit tetraphenyl ethylene, the conjugate interaction between a tetraphenyl ethylene element and a connecting group is weakened, so that the exciton kinetics among other connecting groups is changed, and the photoluminescence quantum yield is 73%; the material has a good light-emitting effect, is suitable for the field of photoelectric materials, and provides a thought for the design of similar materials. Meanwhile, the material has regular pore channels and rich active sites, the reaction activity of the imine connection site is high, phosphorus-chlorine bonds in the nerve poison stimulant diethyl chlorophosphate can be attacked in a nucleophilic mode, the conjugation relation of the connecting groups is changed, and the material has a good detection effect on the nerve poison stimulant diethyl chlorophosphate and can be used for detecting the nerve poison stimulant diethyl chlorophosphate. The method has the characteristics of simplicity and rapidness in operation, sensitive reaction, convenience in use and low cost, and can provide an effective technical means for detection of potential hazardous articles by related departments.

Provided are a core-shell structured perovskite nanocrystalline particle light-emitting body, a method of preparing the same, and a light emitting device using the same. The core-shell structured organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite nanocrystalline particle light-emitting body or metal halide perovskite nanocrystalline particle light-emitting body is able to be dispersed in an organic solvent, and has a perovskite nanocrystal structure and a core-shell structured nanocrystalline particle structure. Therefore, in the perovskite nanocrystalline particle light-emitting body of the present invention, as a shell is formed of a substance having a wider band gap than that of a core, excitons may be more dominantly confined in the core, and durability of the nanocrystal may be improved to prevent exposure of the core perovskite to the air using a perovskite or inorganic semiconductor, which is stable in the air, or an organic polymer.

The invention is applicable to the technical field of photoelectricity, and provides a single-matrix white-light rare earth lead-free perovskite nanocrystal, a preparation method and application, and the single-matrix white-light rare earth lead-free perovskite nanocrystal is Eu < 3 + > ion doped Cs3TbCl6 nanocrystal. The rare earth ion Eu < 3 + > is doped into the Cs3TbCl6 nanocrystal, full-spectrum white light emission of blue light (matrix self-limiting state exciton emission), green light (Tb < 3 + > ion emission) and red light (Eu < 3 + > ion emission) is obtained, excellent thermal stability and environmental stability are achieved, and the nanocrystal material also shows excitation light dependent color adjustable emission (blue light, green light, red light and white light) and has good application prospects. The nanocrystal prepared based on a solution method can be applied to large-area flexible photoelectric devices; the fluorescent conversion layer can be used as a fluorescent conversion layer of a white light emitting diode with a high color rendering index, and can also be applied to anti-counterfeiting and information encryption.

The invention relates to the technical field of display, in particular to an organic compound and application thereof. According to the organic compound provided by the invention, a substituent group Ar2 is introduced to a ring A of a formula (1), so that the substituent group Ar2 of the compound shown in the formula (1) and a carbazole fragment can generate a better conjugation effect, the electron donating capability of a donor fragment of the compound is remarkably improved, and further the intramolecular dipole moment of the compound can be effectively enhanced; therefore, the organic compound plays a role in accelerating the transmission and recombination of excitons in molecules, so that the organic electroluminescent device containing the organic compound has lower driving voltage, higher luminous efficiency and longer service life.

The invention discloses a boron-nitrogen compound and an organic electroluminescent device using the same, and relates to the technical field of organic electroluminescence. According to the boron-nitrogen compound provided by the invention, spiro and electron donor groups are introduced, so that the reverse intersystem crossing rate of molecules is favorably improved, triplet state exciton quenching is overcome, intermolecular close packing is effectively inhibited, the problem of spectrum broadening under high doping concentration is relieved, and the color purity of a device is improved; the compound is applied to a luminescent layer doping material of an organic electroluminescent device, so that the stability of the device is improved, and the service life of the device is prolonged.

The present invention discloses a blue luminescent compound, a blue luminescent composition, and an organic electroluminescent device, display device and lighting device comprising the blue luminescent compound or blue luminescent composition. The blue luminescent compound is selected from one of the following structures. The blue luminescent compound provided by the present invention is used as a host material in a blue luminescent layer. A triplet-triplet fusion process (TTF effect) of the material is improved by using an α-naphthalene substituent. The theoretical exciton utilization rate of the material is increased to 62.5%. The electron transmission rate of the material is improved by introducing an oxygen atom with a large electronegativity, thereby improving the carrier balance. Furthermore, by deuteration of at least part of naphthyl and an anthracene nucleus and combination with semi-deuterated dibenzofuran, the thermal stability of the material is significantly enhanced and at the same time an exciton energy rise caused by vibration in the material is reduced, thereby weakening the problems of damage and deterioration of a material in an adjacent layer by excitons, so that the lifetime of the organic electroluminescent device can be significantly improved, and defects in the prior art are overcome.

The invention discloses a metal complex type non-fullerene electron acceptor material, a preparation method and application, and relates to the technical field of organic photovoltaic devices, the novel metal complex type non-fullerene electron acceptor material is designed and synthesized by introducing metal ions into non-fullerene acceptor molecules. By reasonably designing the structure of the metal complex, the extinction coefficient of the material is remarkably improved, so that the material has higher light absorption capacity under unit thickness, and the light capture efficiency is improved. Heavy metal elements in the metal complex have relatively long excited state life and relatively strong carrier migration characteristics, so that the life of a photon-generated carrier is effectively prolonged, the recombination loss is reduced, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is further improved. By introducing the metal complex, the charge transmission performance of a non-fullerene receptor is enhanced, the problems of short exciton diffusion distance and high exciton recombination rate in a traditional organic semiconductor material are solved, and photon-generated carriers can be effectively separated and migrated in a thin active layer.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic electronics, and provides a compound, a mixture and a composition for further improving the performance of an organic EL device, and the organic EL device with further improved device performance. The compound has a structure as shown in a formula (1), has an asymmetric structure, can inhibit molecular aggregation and reduce exciton quenching, and shows a high triplet state energy level. The driving voltage of the prepared organic electronic device is reduced, and the luminous efficiency is obviously improved. In addition, the compound provided by the invention also has relatively high thermal stability and contains a certain content of deuterium atoms, so that the service life of the organic electronic device is prolonged. The organic electronic device can be applied to the fields of display and illumination.

Provided in the present disclosure are a light-emitting device and a display panel comprising same, and a display apparatus. The light-emitting device comprises: a first carrier layer, a light-emitting layer and a second carrier layer, which are arranged in a stacked manner, wherein the light-emitting layer comprises a first light-emitting layer, a second light-emitting layer and a third light-emitting layer, which are arranged in a stacked manner, with the first light-emitting layer being arranged close to the first carrier layer, and the first light-emitting layer and the third light-emitting layer have different carrier transport rates. The light-emitting device of the present disclosure has a structure of three light-emitting layers, wherein the first light-emitting layer which is close to an anode side has a good hole injection / transport capability, the third light-emitting layer which is close to a cathode side has a good electron injection / transport capability, and the second light-emitting layer in the middle has a good hole and electron transport capability. Electrons and holes can be better injected into the light-emitting layers, an exciton recombination zone can also be broadened, and a larger part of the recombination zone is made to be within the light-emitting layers, so as to reduce the energy loss of non-radiative transition, thereby improving the efficiency and stability of devices.

The application provides a cyclic imide derivative with a high-efficiency multi-exciton effect and a synthesis method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of organic optoelectronic materials. The cyclic imide derivative has any one of the following structural formulae: wherein n is 1 or 2 or 3; m is an integer in 1-15; Ar represents an aryl group; and R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C15 alkyl chain or a phenyl chain. The application directly synthesizes a novel cyclic compound through a synthesis method, and a series of different cyclic imide compounds can be further synthesized by changing the number of aryl groups on the ring and the type of imide compounds. Experimental tests prove that the cyclic imide compound can be applied in the field of singlet fission materials, and excellent bipolar transport performance is exhibited when the cyclic imide compound is applied in an organic field effect transistor device, so the cyclic imide compound has a good industrial application prospect.