The present invention provides a rapid qualitative and quantitative detection method for an oil adjuvant vaccine. The rapid qualitative and quantitative detection method comprises: demulsifying a foot-and-mouth disease synthetic peptide vaccine, and carrying out qualitative and quantitative detection on the demulsified antigen sample by using a competitive ELISA method, wherein the demulsifying method comprises: mixing a foot-and-mouth disease synthetic vaccine and a demulsifying agent, and layering to obtain a water phase antigen sample, the demulsifying agent comprises the mixture of an organic solvent and an acid, the organic solvent is one selected from acetonitrile, n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, butyl diethylene glycol and ethanol, and the acid is one selected from hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. According to the present invention, the demulsifying ability of the demulsifying method is strong, wherein the sample can be determined without the purification treatment so as to shorten the detection time; and the antigen concentration is subjected to qualitative and quantitative detection by using the competitive ELISA method, such that the slope of the obtained standard curve can be greater than the slope of the standard curve obtained through the conventional indirect competition method so as to substantially improve the detection sensitivity.