The invention discloses a 2D laser scanning based rapid detection method for a heading window of a heading machine. The detection method comprises that horizontal and vertical 2D scanning is carried out on a heading working face, outliers are removed from collected original point cloud data; linear fitting, central line solving and base point determining are carried out on outlier removed horizontal and vertical 2D scanning point cloud data, and preparation for window detection is completed; and a target distance is input, a vertical line is drawn at the position in the target distance from the base point, serving as the origin point, in the horizontal central line, another vertical line is drawn at the position in the target distance from the base point, serving as the origin point, in the vertical central line, the vertical lines intersects with two lines obtained by fitting respectively, point pairs are obtained, the spatial distance of the horizontal point pair equals the width of the heading window in the target distance, and the spatial distance of the vertical point pair equals the height of the heading window in the target distance. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the sizes of heading windows in multiple target distances can be rapidly detected, timely effective reference and correction are provided for workers, and the reasonableness of the practical heading process is ensured.