The invention provides an air cylinder impact test device and a test method, and belongs to the technical field of telescopic cylinder tests. The installation assembly of the automatic cut-off part is further provided with a transposition control hole, a pressure closing connection hole, a test connection hole and a starting connection hole which are arranged at intervals in the axial direction of the sliding groove, one ends of the transposition control hole, the pressure closing connection hole, the test connection hole and the starting connection hole are communicated with the peripheral wall of the sliding groove, the sliding sealing column is inserted into the sliding groove, and an annular pushing groove in the sliding sealing column is an annular control groove. In the whole test process of the test cylinder, the pressure of the starting valve, the closing pressure providing part and the impact gas cylinder does not need to be monitored in real time, and the complete test of the test cylinder can be realized only by controlling the test switch valve and the automatic cut-off part to cooperate with the upper limit pressure and the closing pressure of the impact gas cylinder; various data of other structures except the tested cylinder do not need to be additionally processed, the requirement of a processor is reduced, the whole testing process is simple, the testing cost of the cylinder is reduced, and the testing time needed by the cylinder is shortened.