The invention discloses a data collection system for a vacuum low-temperature environment. The data collection system comprises a vacuum container, a rotary table, a conductive sliding ring, a test piece, a temperature measurement sensor, a test piece measurement cable, a data collector, a rotary table movable disc, a comprehensive controller and an upper computer. The rotary table and the temperature measurement sensor are located inside the vacuum container, the comprehensive controller and the upper computer are located outside the vacuum container, the test piece is placed on the rotary table movable disc, the temperature measurement sensor adhering to the surface of the test piece is connected to the data collector through the test piece measurement cable, the data collector sends data to the comprehensive controller in an RS485 bus mode through the conductive sliding ring, and the comprehensive controller is in communication with the upper computer in a LAN mode. The data collection system is used for measuring the temperature of a rotary spacecraft test piece, and the gap in measurement for the temperature of a vacuum thermal test rotary test piece of a domestic spacecraft is filled.