The invention provides a bullet charging and discharging device which comprises a bullet containing groove, a bullet push rod and a bullet discharging device. The bullet containing groove is provided with a front bag opening movably connected with a box magazine. Sliding grooves are formed in the two inner side walls of the bullet containing groove, the bullet push rod is a strip-shaped cube, and boss keys matched with the sliding grooves are arranged on the two outer side walls of the bullet containing groove. A back bag opening is formed in the back end of the bullet containing groove, a limiting groove is formed in the back bag opening, and a limiting clamping tenon is arranged at the front end of the bullet push rod and is movably matched with the limiting groove. The bullet discharging device comprises a T-shaped positioning bullet sheet, an L-shaped insertion needle and a U-shaped sliding plate. The invention further provides a quick bullet charging and discharging method for the bullet charging and discharging device. The bullet charging and discharging device has the beneficial effects that bullet charging and discharging are convenient, machining, assembling and adjusting are facilitated, the working state is stable and reliable, the manufacturing cost is low, carrying is easy, the bullet charging and discharging device is suitable for being used in all-weather environments, quick bullet charging is achieved, the failure rate is approximately zero, the bullet discharging device can be easily and stably used, and quick bullet discharging is achieved.