The invention discloses a small space-based polarization super-lens camera and an imaging method, the small space-based polarization super-lens camera comprises a shading
assembly, polarization super-lens assemblies, an imaging
system and a heat dissipation
assembly which are arranged on a camera shell, the two polarization super-lens assemblies are arranged according to the light path direction, and the shading
assembly is arranged in front of the polarization super-lens assemblies according to the light path direction; the imaging
system is arranged behind the polarization super-lens assembly according to the light path direction, and the heat dissipation assembly is used for conducting heat adjustment on the imaging
system. The polarization super-lens camera is installed on a supporting rod of a
spacecraft and serves as a main optical system to be applied to on-
orbit self-detection service, and the advantages of being small in size, light in weight, high in reconstruction efficiency and the like are achieved. The two groups of polarization super lens assemblies can form two groups of orthogonal polarization sub-images on an
image plane at one time, that is, four polarization sub-images of a target can be obtained through one-time shooting of a camera, and three-dimensional reconstruction is carried out in real time; the heat dissipation assembly can achieve on-
orbit low-temperature storage and effective work of the polarization super-lens camera.