The invention discloses a shaft-mounted brake disc module for a high-speed train. The module comprises brake discs, a support disc and a disc hub; two sets of brake discs are provided, are coaxially laminated on the disc surfaces on the two sides of the support disc, and are clamped and locked with the support disc through first connecting structures; the brake discs are composite material brake discs with smooth disc surfaces on two sides; heat dissipating structures are arranged on the disc surfaces on the two sides of the support disc, and are laminated with the brake discs to form heat dissipating channels; and a connecting flange is arranged on an inner ring of the support disc, and is fixedly sleeved with the disc hub through a second connecting structure. Compared with a traditionaloverall brake disc, the module has the characteristics of simple structure, reliable connection, high-temperature resistance, convenience to maintain, light weight and good braking effect, reduces the energy consumption in operation and braking of the high-speed train, realizes application of a composite friction material to a high-speed train braking system, and greatly saves the high-speed train company operation and maintenance costs.