The invention relates to a distributed transient electromagnetic data acquisition system based on a wireless sensor network. The distributed transient electromagnetic data acquisition system is composed of an industrial personal computer, a coordinator, a plurality of router nodes, a plurality of terminal acquisition nodes and the wireless sensor network serving as a basic network, wherein the router nodes and the terminal acquisition nodes are distributed flexibly. The industrial personal computer is connected with the coordinator through a USB, and the terminal acquisition nodes, the router nodes and all nodes of the coordinator are in wireless connection with one another; the terminal acquisition nodes are used for completing acquisition and uploading of transient electromagnetic data; the router nodes are used for completing the router addressing and data forwarding function; the coordinator is used for completing storage, display and USB communication of the acquired data; the industrial personal computer is used for controlling the acquisition process of each node, displaying the data, and completing calculation of obtained data exploration parameters. The distributed transient electromagnetic data acquisition system has high exploration accuracy, connection wires between the nodes are omitted, field operation is convenient, work efficiency is improved, modular design is adopted for the nodes, and maintenance and replacement are convenient.