A method for determining whether a subject is at risk for having a progressing or high-grade pre-invasive
lesion, nodule or small
mass, or having a
solid malignant tumour is described the method comprising: (i) determining a ratio of activated and / or exhausted T cells:naive and / or resting T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using
cytometry to detect the presence or absence of a panel of biomarkers comprising Ki67 and CD39, or (ii) determining a ratio of activated and / or exhausted T cells:T cells which are not activated and / or exhausted T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using
cytometry to detect the presence or absence of a panel of biomarkers comprising Ki67 and CD39, (iii) determining a proportion of activated and / or exhausted T cells as a percentage of T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using
cytometry to detect the presence of a panel of biomarkers comprising Ki67 and CD39, and / or (iv) determining a proportion of activated and / or exhausted T cells as a percentage of T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the T cells are CD4 T cells, and wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using cytometry to detect the presence of a panel of biomarkers comprising FoxP3.