The invention discloses a device and a method for nondestructive measurement of hydrogen content in solid steel. The device comprises a high-temperature proton conductor, a supporting pipe and a sealing cover, wherein the outer wall of the high-temperature proton conductor is coated with a porous electrode and an auxiliary heating electrode, the inner wall is coated with a reference electrode, thereference electrode and the porous electrode are connected with a first voltmeter, the porous electrode and the solid steel to be measured are connected with a second voltmeter, and the solid steel to be measured is in compression contact with the high-temperature proton conductor. The method comprises the following steps of (1), introducing reference gas into the device for nondestructive measurement of the hydrogen content in the solid steel; (2), heating the high-temperature proton conductor to a target temperature; (3), measuring the voltage between the inner wall and the outer wall of the high-temperature proton conductor through the first voltmeter, and measuring the voltage between the outer wall of the high-temperature proton conductor and the solid steel to be measured through the second voltmeter; and (4), calculating the hydrogen content at the contact part of the high-temperature proton conductor and the solid steel to be measured. According to the device and the method, nondestructive hydrogen measurement of service steel parts can be realized, the test is accurate, the test speed is high, the steps are simple, the hydrogen content of the steel parts can be measured through point-by-point scanning, and the hydrogen gathering area can be found in time.