The invention discloses a self-adaptive closed-loop measuring system of a resonant accelerometer, the frequency control adopts a self-adaptive control phase-locked loop structure, and the control modeof a loop filter can be automatically selected according to the change of the external acceleration, the problems that in the prior art, circuit parameters are fixed, and self-adaptive adjustment cannot be achieved are solved, and the contradiction between the response speed and the steady-state phase difference of the phase-locked loop is effectively overcome, so that the measuring range, the scale factor linearity and the zero bias stability of the accelerometer are effectively improved. Meanwhile, the structure is simple, a complex algorithm is not needed, and the system has the advantagesof being simple, efficient and high in adaptability. A PI control unit adopts an incremental algorithm, the improvement of a traditional position type PI algorithm is achieved, a better control effect can be obtained, and the stability of the system is improved; an amplitude control module adopts an alternating current automatic gain control method, a simple and effective amplitude demodulation method is adopted in the module, hardware resources are saved, and the amplitude of the driving signals can be adjusted within a large range.