The invention discloses a nuclear magnetic resonance petroleum transmission pipeline leakage hidden danger detecting instrument and detecting method, and belongs to the technical field of detection. According to the technical scheme, the nuclear magnetic resonance petroleum transmission pipeline leakage hidden danger detecting instrument comprises a detecting instrument body and a communication controller connected with the detecting instrument body, wherein the communication controller is connected with a transmitting/receiving control unit; the transmitting/receiving control unit comprises a transmitting/receiving controller, a transmitting circuit, a bridge circuit controller, a resonant capacitor, a transmitting coil, a power source and a signal collecting/receiving device; the signal collecting/receiving device is composed of first to Nth collecting units and first to Nth receiving coils corresponding to the first to Nth collecting units. The nuclear magnetic resonance petroleum transmission pipeline leakage hidden danger detecting instrument and detecting method have the advantages that the leakage position of a petroleum transmission pipeline can be directly measured through the nuclear magnetic resonance technology, the detecting precision is high, measurement is carried out many times, the signal to noise ratio of received signals is improved, an arch board and the petroleum transmission pipeline are matched to carry out detection, damage to the pipeline is reduced, the detection efficiency is high, and detection is convenient.