51 results about "Reflectance factor" patented technology

The invention provides a cavity target infrared characteristic calculation ray tracing method, and belongs to the technical field of infrared tracing. The method comprises the following steps: importing a CFD data source; a cuboid space grid is generated, and CFD data space distribution is interpolated and reconstructed; a target material and temperature parameters are set; determining the position of a detector and forming a detection situation relationship; gridding a detection space in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction at the position of the cavity object to form a field pixel space; constructing a reverse ray vector direction, and counting self reflection and reflection radiation of each triangular infinitesimal according to a recursive iteration mode; reconstructing a broadband spectral reflection coefficient according to the narrowband BRDF model and the broadband spectral emissivity; and determining the reflection direction of the infrared rays based on a bidirectional reflection distribution model to realize ray tracing. According to the invention, the control of any ray tracing depth can be realized, the intersection judgment process is greatly simplified, and the problem of high-efficiency and high-precision calculation of the cavity and the low-emission material is effectively solved.

The invention discloses a method for estimating the thickness of lake ice based on a four-layer medium reflectivity model. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring FY-3 satellite data, ground actual measurement data and ERA5 reanalysis data; preprocessing the data, including atmospheric correction, geographical registration, resampling and space-time matching among the data; performing accumulated snow parameter inversion to output accumulated snow depth ds, density rho s, dielectric constant epsilons and roughness; a four-layer medium reflectivity model is deduced by combining a Fresnel reflection coefficient and a Snell law and considering the reflectivity of an incident angle, a polarization effect, roughness and loss; inverting the lake ice thickness di based on a four-layer model by adopting a mode of fixing accumulated snow parameters; and performing precision evaluation verification and sensitivity analysis on the result to further optimize the performance of the model. According to the technical scheme, robust estimation of the lake ice thickness can be achieved through the mode that multi-source data is cooperatively combined with the four-layer model and staged inversion, which is another breakthrough of the satellite-borne GNSS-R technology in the lake research field, and an operable technical scheme is provided for lake monitoring.

The invention provides an image gray scale estimation method and system, computer equipment and a storage medium, and belongs to the field of image processing, and the method comprises the steps: projecting light stripes to a plane where a calibration plate is located, and calibrating a plane equation where each light stripe is located; projecting a plurality of pieces of structured light to the surface of the detected tubular object, collecting reflected light rays of the detected tubular object, and extracting light stripe centers; carrying out surface reflection coefficient relative value calibration on the plane of the measured tubular object to obtain a plurality of surface reflection coefficient values of the surface of the measured tubular object; and averaging the plurality of reflection coefficients, and calculating a theoretical gray value of the surface of the measured tubular object according to the average value of the plurality of reflection coefficients. According to the method, the gray level distribution of the surface of the object can be accurately estimated under the specific illumination condition through optical simulation, the influence of factors such as illumination and reflection on the gray level of the image is better simulated and optimized, more reliable data support is provided for defect detection of the tubular object, and the precision and robustness of structured light three-dimensional scanning are improved.

The invention discloses a millimeter wave ceilometer clear sky echo identification and elimination method, clear sky echoes detected by a Ka wave band millimeter wave ceilometer mainly appear below 3km height, the intensity and height of the clear sky echoes have obvious seasonal difference, the echo in winter is low, the echo in summer is high, and the echo has good correlation with air temperature. A clear sky echo reflectance factor Z generated by birds, insects and the like is mainly concentrated in a range of-15 to-18 dBZ, and a depolarization ratio LDR is generally greater than-18 dBZ. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, screening out data which may generate clear sky echoes by using echo height, air temperature and precipitation; and then selecting optimal thresholds of a reflectivity factor Z and a depolarization ratio LDR for different seasons to accurately discriminate clear sky echoes, eliminating reflectivity data generated by the clear sky echoes in a marking manner, and comparing base data generated after the clear sky echoes are eliminated with an artificial discrimination result, so that clear sky echo data identification is relatively accurate.

The present application relates to the technical field of inventory management, in particular to a stone surface intelligent warehouse management method based on machine vision, comprising the following steps: multi-modal sensor acquisition stone image temperature distance data, gray quantization and time difference feature set generation, synchronous calibration, Kalman filter fusion and dynamic weight adjustment, output positioning result and analysis of reflectance coefficient adjustment light source, optimization of light field parameter collection texture reconstruction three-dimensional model and error correction update, based on model extraction position information correction inventory strategy generates inventory management scheme, in the present application, through multi-source sensor cooperative acquisition fusion, positioning consistency is kept, error diffusion is avoided, illumination monitoring and reflection adjustment optimize light field, ensure stone texture complete and stable, three-dimensional model dynamic reconstruction and correction real-time update feature synchronous storage state, improve stacking level and goods location recognition accuracy, enhance inventory information reliability and consistency.

The present invention relates to an optical lens comprising a substrate and a multi-layer antireflection coating provided on at least one of the main surfaces of the substrate and comprising a stack of at least one layer having a high refractive index and at least one layer having a low refractive index, a spectral reflectance curve of the multi-layer antireflection coating for an angle of incidence in the range of 0 DEG to 15 DEG has a reflection peak centered on a wavelength in the range of 435-450 nm and having a maximum reflectance of less than or equal to 30% and a full width at half maximum of less than or equal to 90 nm, and a local reflectance minimum in the range of 380-420 nm of less than or equal to 2% and a multi-layer antireflection coating for the at least one major surface, the multi-layer antireflection coating providing the at least one major surface with: for an angle of incidence in the range of 0 to 15 degrees, the present invention relates to a light-emitting device comprising a light-emitting element, a light-emitting element, an average light reflection factor Rv of 380 nm to 780 nm of less than or equal to 2.5%, an average blue light reflection factor RmB1 of greater than or equal to 15% in the wavelength range of 420 nm to 450 nm of greater than or equal to 15%, an average blue light reflection factor RmB3 of greater than or equal to 15% in the wavelength range of 440 nm to 460 nm of greater than or equal to 15%, and a ratio RmB1 / RmB3 of less than or equal to 1.

This invention provides a curvewave domain-based method for removing strong axes based on reflection coefficient attribute volumes, relating to the field of seismic data processing technology. The method includes: performing spectral inversion processing on raw seismic data to generate a reflection coefficient volume; based on the reflection coefficient volume, performing multi-scale, multi-directional layer-by-layer analysis in the curvewave domain, i.e., extracting reflection coefficient curves for each analysis window, determining inflection point locations by calculating the zero point of the second derivative of the curves to identify abrupt changes in the reflection coefficient; simultaneously, constructing local discrete surfaces based on the reflection coefficient volume, identifying local geometric anomaly regions of the reflection coefficient volume by fitting surface patches and calculating Gaussian curvature; and extracting strong reflection coefficient components by combining the determined inflection point locations and the identified local geometric anomaly regions. This invention can achieve precise stripping of strong reflection energy and faithful protection of effective weak signals, improving the reliability of seismic data in identifying and analyzing subsurface lithology and geological structures.

The invention relates to the technical field of inventory management, in particular to a stone layout intelligent warehouse management method based on machine vision, which comprises the following steps: acquiring stone image temperature and distance data through multi-modal sensing, generating a feature set through graying quantization and time difference, performing Kalman filtering fusion after synchronous calibration, and dynamically adjusting the weight. And outputting a positioning result, analyzing a reflection coefficient, adjusting a light source, optimizing a light field parameter, collecting a texture reconstruction three-dimensional model, correcting and updating an error, extracting position information based on the model, correcting an inventory strategy, and generating an inventory management scheme. The light field is optimized through illumination monitoring and reflection adjustment to ensure that the stone texture is complete and stable, the feature synchronous storage state is updated in real time through three-dimensional model dynamic reconstruction and correction, the stacking level and goods allocation recognition accuracy is improved, and the inventory information reliability and consistency are enhanced.

The application discloses a light source color resolution evaluation method, device and equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of light source quality testing. The spectral power distribution of a test light source is acquired under multiple exit angles, and the bidirectional reflectance factor of a test color sample is combined to calculate three stimulus values and white point three stimulus values. The hue angle, brightness value and saturation value of each test color sample under the exit angle are calculated according to the three stimulus values and the white point three stimulus values. The comprehensive color error value of the test light source relative to a reference light source under the exit angle is obtained according to the aforementioned three parameters. The color resolution index of the test light source is obtained according to the neutral density index of the test light source and the comprehensive color error value corresponding to each exit angle. The spectral power distribution is collected under multiple exit angles, the color rendering performance of the light source in the front is considered, and the spectral output difference under different angles is also considered, so that the color rendering consistency and the directional characteristics of the light source in the spatial distribution can be comprehensively reflected.

A method for acquiring a complex refractive index distribution morphology of a film, and a device. The method comprises: S101, collecting interferograms of a reference area and a sample under test; S102, on the basis of the obtained interferograms, by means of a recovery algorithm, determining a normalized light intensity image and an optical path difference image of said sample relative to the reference area; S103, establishing a measurement model on the basis of a reflective film transmission equation; S104, determining a relationship between a measured reflection coefficient and optical path difference of an area under test of said sample relative to the reference area and the measurement model; and S105, on the basis of the measured reflection coefficient and optical path difference of the area under test of the film relative to the reference area and the relationship, calculating a complex refractive index distribution morphology of the film under test. The method is used for solving the problem in the prior art of limitation of film interference and an extinction coefficient of an absorption material.

The application discloses a least square reverse-time migration imaging method, device, equipment and medium, and relates to the technical field of geophysical exploration.The application is characterized in that, in the process of capturing the second-order curvature information of a target function at a current iteration point based on the gradient of the target function in the current iteration of a reflection coefficient model, an adjustable weight parameter is used to perform convex combination on a quasi-Newton equation capable of matching the gradient to the target function value in iteration and a quasi-Newton equation directly using an adaptive weight parameter to adjust the reflection system model update amount in iteration, so that the second-order curvature information of the target function at the current iteration point can be captured more accurately at a higher convergence speed, the calculation efficiency is greatly improved by combining the adaptive weight parameter, and finally high-precision migration imaging is performed.

The application discloses a kind of effective Fennel reflection coefficient calculation method based on sea wave spectrometer, first by least square fitting anisotropic quasi-speculum scattering formula, the slope variance component of observation azimuth is obtained;The variation law of the slope variance component with azimuth is fitted with azimuth cosine function, to obtain the total slope variance of the detected sea surface, slope variance component fluctuation rate and sea surface wave propagation direction;Then by the slope variance component along the wave propagation direction and total slope variance, the distribution of the slope variance component perpendicular to the detection azimuth with observation azimuth is obtained;Finally, by calculating the non-standardized correlation coefficient between observation azimuth and the slope variance perpendicular to observation azimuth angle, the 0 degree effective Fennel reflection coefficient of different incident angle beams can be obtained according to quasi-speculum scattering formula, and the effective Fennel reflection coefficient of Ku band at 0 degree incident angle can be obtained by averaging the results of each beam with wind speed.

A method for determining oxygen saturation includes emitting light from sources into tissue; detecting the light by detectors subsequent to reflection; and generating reflectance data based on detecting the light. The method includes determining a first subset of simulated reflectance curves from a set of simulated reflectance curves stored in a tissue oximetry device for a coarse grid; and fitting the reflectance data points to the first subset of simulated reflectance curves to determine a closest fitting one of the simulated reflectance curves. The method includes determining a second subset of simulated reflectance curves for a fine grid based on the closest fitting one of the simulated reflectance curves; determining a peak of absorption and reflection coefficients from the fine grid; and determining an absorption and a reflectance coefficient for the reflectance data points by performing a weighted average of the absorption coefficients and reflection coefficients from the peak.

The application discloses a bidirectional reflectance factor calculation method for forest canopy high-resolution remote sensing images, and steps of the method comprise the following steps: 1) determining remote sensing images and corresponding canopy height model information, observation geometric parameters and sky scattering light proportion; collecting forest canopy structure parameters and forest spectrum parameters; 2) calculating a single scattering bidirectional reflectance factor BRF self_sgl only considering that a single scattering occurs inside a target pixel and a single scattering bidirectional reflectance factor BRF adj_sgl affected by adjacent pixels; 3) calculating a multiple scattering bidirectional reflectance factor BRF self_mul only considering that a multiple scattering occurs inside a target pixel and a multiple scattering bidirectional reflectance factor BRF adj_mul affected by adjacent pixels; 4) calculating a total bidirectional reflectance factor BRF self = BRF self_sgl + BRF self_mul , wherein the total bidirectional reflectance factor BRF adj = BRF adj_sgl + BRF adj_mul .

The present disclosure provides a reflective type optical scale for encoder including a disk-shaped metal substrate including a first surface, and a second surface facing the first surface, and a low reflection layer disposed on the first surface side of the metal substrate in a patterned shape along with a circumferential direction of the metal substrate, wherein the metal substrate has a reflection coefficient on at least the first surface side that is 50% or more, and a thickness of 0.05 mm or more and 0.60 mm or less; and the metal substrate includes a shear droop at an outer circumferential edge of the first surface side, and a width of the shear droop is 500 μm or less.

The present application is applicable to the field of microscopic thermal imaging technology, and provides a transient thermal reflection test method, system, device and terminal equipment. The transient thermal reflection test method includes: obtaining the thermal reflection coefficient of the device under test and the average temperature of the device under test after thermal equilibrium under periodic excitation conditions; under the condition that the periodic excitation conditions remain unchanged, selecting the measurement delay and the reference delay, and obtaining the camera measurement grayscale value and the camera reference grayscale value based on the measurement delay and the reference delay; obtaining the temperature of the device under test at the time of measurement based on the camera measurement grayscale value, the camera reference grayscale value, the thermal reflection coefficient and the average temperature; sorting the temperature of the device under test in the order of the measurement delay from small to large, and obtaining the change of the measured temperature over time. The transient thermal reflection test results of the present application are less affected by intensity drift, which improves the accuracy of the test results.

The invention relates to a VTI medium least square reverse time migration method and system suitable for an Adam gradient optimization algorithm, and belongs to the field of seismic migration imaging, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: carrying out the subtraction of conventional approximate longitudinal and transverse wave reflectivity models C33 and C55 with the background speed of the conventional approximate longitudinal and transverse wave reflectivity models C33 and C55, carrying out the division, carrying out the normalization processing, and constructing a real longitudinal and transverse wave reflection coefficient model. And linear forward modeling is carried out on the basis of a VTI medium first-order stress velocity elastic wave equation. And expressing the linearized forward modeling in a deep learning framework in an RNN convolution form to obtain a simulated seismic record of the linearized forward modeling. And making a difference between the simulated seismic record and the actual seismic record, and establishing a target function. And optimizing the gradient by using an Adam gradient optimization algorithm in deep learning, and updating the longitudinal and transverse wave reflection coefficient model by using the optimized gradient until the precision requirement is met. According to the method, the precision of gradient optimization is improved, the problem of extremely slow convergence is solved, and finally a more accurate least square reverse time migration result is obtained.

When an object with a high reflection surface is measured, due to the fact that the dynamic range of a camera is limited, a saturation phenomenon often occurs, and negative influences are caused on three-dimensional measurement. In order to effectively solve the problem, the invention provides a novel adaptive fringe projection method. Firstly, an intensity transfer model is established, a surface reflection coefficient is calculated by using a uniform gray level image, and the optimal projection intensity under a camera coordinate system is accurately determined. Then, calculating a smoothing absolute phase in a saturation region by adopting a low-intensity orthogonal stripe pattern, and establishing a coordinate mapping relation; and diffusing the mapping pixel intensity to a neighborhood region, and taking a minimum value in an overlapping region so as to generate an optimal projection intensity template under a projector coordinate system. And finally generating a self-adaptive stripe pattern based on the template. Experimental results show that the method can realize high-precision and high-integrity three-dimensional measurement on the object with the high reflection surface.

The invention discloses a satellite-borne GNSS-R soil humidity inversion method based on a Fresnel reflection coefficient, and belongs to the field of satellite-borne GNSS-R soil humidity remote sensing monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining satellite-borne GNSS-R observation data, and carrying out the preprocessing; eliminating satellite-borne GNSS-R observation data influenced by a water body by adopting a water body elimination method; fitting to obtain a Fresnel reflection coefficient correction function based on different satellite signal incidence angles and environmental parameters; correcting the original surface reflectance by using the Fresnel reflection coefficient correction function to obtain the corrected surface reflectance; and establishing a linear inversion equation based on the corrected surface reflectance and soil humidity reference product data to realize soil humidity inversion. According to the method, water body interference is effectively eliminated, the influence of multiple factors on the Fresnel reflection coefficient is weakened, the soil humidity inversion precision and stability are improved, the sampling point number advantage is remarkable, and reliable technical support is provided for dynamic monitoring of the soil humidity.

Method for determining a color gamut of a printing system. The method comprises the steps of printing samples of an object on a substrate. The samples vary with respect to a thickness of the samples and ink ratios of the ejected inks. For each printed sample a reflectance is measured by means of a spectrophotometer. The measured reflectances are fit with a formula derived from the Kubelka-Munk theory comprising derivations of an absorption coefficient and a scattering coefficient of the ejected inks and transmission and / or reflection coefficients at interfaces between ink and air and vice versa, and between ink and substrate. A full color gamut of the printer is determined by using the Kubelka-Munk theory by means of the derived coefficients and the derived coefficients are stored in a print controller of the printing system.

The present application is suitable for oil and gas geophysical exploration technical field, provide a kind of stratum attenuation factor time-frequency domain prestack seismic inversion method and system, the method includes the following steps: construct about longitudinal, transverse wave attenuation factor frequency domain AVO formula, propose the collaborative inversion strategy of joint time-frequency domain seismic data real part and imaginary part information;Input partial stack seismic data and carry out spectral decomposition, obtain time-frequency domain seismic data;According to the real part of time-frequency domain data, the frequency variable longitudinal, transverse wave modulus reflectivity is calculated;According to the imaginary part of time-frequency domain data, construct the time-frequency spectrum of imaginary part reflectivity difference;With the real part inversion result as prior information, in combination with the spectrum of seismic wavelet, the frequency variable longitudinal, transverse wave attenuation factor frequency gradient attribute is inverted, and the longitudinal, transverse wave attenuation factor is calculated by frequency integration.This method uses the real part and imaginary part information of time-frequency domain seismic data, and provides an effective method for calculating stratum attenuation factor by "real part-imaginary part" hierarchical inversion strategy.

The invention relates to a secured document (100) comprising: a substrate (101) partially covered in at least two, preferably non-overlapping regions with an additional layer, wherein a first effect layer (104) made of a material susceptible to deformation under the influence of an external pressure force and reflecting light, having a high light reflectance coefficient, is applied to at least a first substrate region (106), and a second print layer (103) made of a reflective, color, high-viscosity coating material, which modifies the substrate (101), is applied to at least a second substrate region (107); and wherein on at least the first region (106) of the substrate there is a first security element (102) which is an embossed optical element (108) comprising an embossed structure made by the gravure method in the form of a grid (400) of cells (401), preferably equilateral cells, most preferably square cells, wherein a single cell (401) corresponds to a single point of the first security element (102) forming, together with the remaining points of the grid, a globally perceptible, information-bearing first security element (102), and in which cells (401) there are sub-images (403) formed by convex embossed lines (402) parallel to the remaining ones present in the cell, having a predetermined height (h) in relation to the surface of the substrate (101) between the lines (402), modified with a material susceptible to deformation under the influence of an external pressure force and reflecting light, having a high light reflectance coefficient, which lines (402) in each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) are parallel to each other, and the angle of inclination of the lines relative to the selected axis of symmetry, identical for all cells, of the first security element (102) defined in the plane of the substrate (101) is constant within each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) and varies within the range from 1 to 180°, and the number of lines (402) in each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) is equal to or greater than three and the maximum distance measured between the most distant points of each of the cells (401) does not exceed 1 mm, preferably is less than 0.7 mm, more preferably is less than 0.5 mm and most preferably is less than 0.1 mm.

To improve restoration quality of three dimensional information of a side scan sonar image, and to improve accuracy of three dimensional reconfiguration of the side scan sonar image.SOLUTION: The three dimensional reconstruction method for side-scan sonar images of the present invention comprises: reading side-scan sonar images to be three dimensionally reconstructed; designing a shape recovery method (SFS) mixture reflection model for side-scan sonar images, including designing an adaptive specular reflection coefficient, designing an adaptive diffuse reflection coefficient, designing an adaptive specular reflection index, and designing a seabed surface adaptive mixture reflection model formula; obtaining three dimensionally reconstructed surface elevations, including inversely transforming seabed surface elevation values and designing an inversely transformed elevation limiting factor; and outputting a three dimensional reconstruction result of the side-scan sonar images. To provide high-quality underwater three dimensional topographical information by application scenes such as AUV underwater high-precision navigation, underwater rescue, and submarine exploration.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

A method of calculating power level reflectance σ0 of an object on the ground using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image includes receiving the SAR image composed of pixels each having a complex value (IDN+jQDN), local incidence angle data including local incidence angle values respectively corresponding to the pixels of the SAR image and a reflection coefficient K2 of the SAR image, calculating power level reflectance β0 on a slant range domain of a first object corresponding to a first pixel based on the complex value (IDN+jQDN) of the first pixel in the SAR image and the reflection coefficient K2, and calculating, using an equation that σ0=β0·(sin θi)2, power level reflectance σ0 of the first object on the ground based on the power level reflectance β0 of the first object on the slant range domain and the local incidence angle value θi corresponding to the first pixel.

The invention discloses a method and system for testing and analyzing magneto-optical parameters of a magnetic multilayer film, and belongs to the technical field of photoelectron data analysis, and the method comprises the following steps: carrying out an ellipsometry test on a to-be-tested magnetic multilayer film sample to obtain ellipsometry parameters of the sample; constructing an optical model according to the structure of the magnetic multilayer film sample to be tested, and performing fitting calculation by combining an optical theory and the ellipsometric parameters obtained by testing to obtain optical property parameters of each layer of film in the sample; the method comprises the following steps: carrying out a magneto-optical ellipsometry test on a to-be-tested magnetic multilayer film sample to obtain a reflection coefficient of the sample in an unmagnetized state and a magneto-reflection coefficient caused by a Kerr effect, deriving a total propagation matrix of light in the magnetic multilayer film sample, and calculating to obtain a Jones matrix of the sample; and calculating the magneto-optical coupling coefficient of each layer of film according to the Jones matrix, the reflection coefficient, the magneto-reflection coefficient and the optical property parameter of each layer of film. According to the invention, accurate characterization of magneto-optical parameters of magnetic multilayer films with various thicknesses, various materials and various layer numbers can be realized.

The application discloses a kind of seismic data processing method, device, equipment and storage medium, belong to the technical field of seismic exploration.The method is by Fourier transform to first seismic data and seismic wavelet, respectively obtain first spectrum and second spectrum, then based on first spectrum and second spectrum, determine the reflectivity data volume, convert the reflectivity data volume into lithology wave impedance body, again lithology replaces lithology wave impedance body, obtain igneous rock wave impedance body, convert igneous rock wave impedance body into igneous rock reflection signal data, finally, igneous rock reflection signal data is separated from first seismic data.It can be seen from this, the method only removes igneous rock strong reflection signal from seismic data, retains reservoir effective signal, so that reservoir prediction can be carried out based on reservoir effective signal, to improve the accuracy of reservoir prediction.

The present invention provides a method for determining observation condition parameters for granite pegmatite inversion, relating to the technical field of mineral detection. The present invention obtains multi-angle reflectance spectral data of multiple particle samples, determines multiple sample data based on the multi-angle reflectance spectral data, and each sample data includes a dimensionless bidirectional reflectance factor corresponding to each characteristic wavelength of each particle sample in the multiple particle samples corresponding to an observation condition parameter. The multiple sample data are input into a trained convolutional neural network model, and an importance score corresponding to each sample data in the multiple sample data is output. The observation condition parameter included in the target sample data is determined as the target observation condition parameter, and the importance score of the target sample data is the maximum value among the importance scores of the multiple sample data. This improves the accuracy and precision of the inversion results of the spectral data observed based on the target observation condition parameter.

The invention discloses a printing and typesetting system and method based on online automatic typesetting design, and relates to the technical field of printing and typesetting. The technical key points of the scheme are as follows: measuring reflection factors of different printing areas before and after printing, and calculating to obtain an ink absorption index of printing paper; comparing the pixel value of the image of the paper sample before drying with the pixel value of the image of the paper sample after drying, calculating the diffusion index of ink, collecting a plurality of groups of pressure data, combining the diameter of a roller and the length of the roller, calculating to obtain printing pressure, and further calculating to obtain a printing pressure index; according to the method, the comprehensive printing performance index is obtained through calculation according to the ink absorption index of the printing paper, the diffusion index of the printing ink and the printing pressure index, the comprehensive printing performance index is compared with the printing performance threshold value, fonts and typesetting are correspondingly controlled according to the comparison result, and the unclear phenomenon caused by expansion of the printing ink is avoided.

A copper nozzle, a copper nozzle assembly, and laser welding equipment having the copper nozzle assembly are provided, where the copper nozzle is used for laser welding, the copper nozzle includes: a copper nozzle body, the copper nozzle body having a laser channel; and a protective layer, where the protective layer covers a surface of the copper nozzle body, a reflectance coefficient of the protective layer is greater than a reflectance coefficient of copper, and a melting point of the protective layer is greater than a melting point of copper, which can extend the service life of the copper nozzle and make cleaning of the copper nozzle convenient.

The invention relates to a secured document (100) comprising: a substrate (101) partially covered in at least two, preferably non-overlapping regions with an additional layer, wherein a first effect layer (104) made of a material susceptible to deformation under the influence of an external pressure force and reflecting light, having a high light reflectance coefficient, is applied to at least a first substrate region (106), and a second print layer (103) made of a reflective, color, high-viscosity coating material, which modifies the substrate (101), is applied to at least a second substrate region (107); and wherein on at least the first region (106) of the substrate there is a first security element (102) which is an embossed optical element (108) comprising an embossed structure made by the gravure method in the form of a grid (400) of cells (401), preferably equilateral cells, most preferably square cells, wherein a single cell (401) corresponds to a single point of the first security element (102) forming, together with the remaining points of the grid, a globally perceptible, information-bearing first security element (102), and in which cells (401) there are sub-images (403) formed by convex embossed lines (402) parallel to the remaining ones present in the cell, having a predetermined height (h) in relation to the surface of the substrate (101) between the lines (402), modified with a material susceptible to deformation under the influence of an external pressure force and reflecting light, having a high light reflectance coefficient, which lines (402) in each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) are parallel to each other, and the angle of inclination of the lines relative to the selected axis of symmetry, identical for all cells, of the first security element (102) defined in the plane of the substrate (101) is constant within each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) and varies within the range from 1 to 180°, and the number of lines (402) in each of the cells (401) of the grid (400) is equal to or greater than three and the maximum distance measured between the most distant points of each of the cells (401) does not exceed 1 mm, preferably is less than 0.7 mm, more preferably is less than 0.5 mm and most preferably is less than 0.1 mm.