The invention discloses a self-assembled nucleic-acid aptamer/protein composite nano probe, a preparation method, a kit and application thereof. According to the invention, three DNA probes, one of which is a DNA probe containing a nucleic-acid aptamer sequence and another is marked with horseradish peroxidase, are hybridized to prepare a self-assembled nucleic-acid aptamer/protein composite nanoprobe; and magnetic nano-particles functionalized by a nucleic-acid aptamer are used as magnetic separation solid-phase carriers for specific capture of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia T lymphocytes (CCRF-CEM) in blood, to improve the capture efficiency of target substances. When the magnetic nano-particles are used in combination with the self-assembled nucleic-acid aptamer/protein composite nano probe, the detection of CCRF-CEM has a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and high precision and accuracy, and high-sensitivity, high-specificity and rapid detection of CCRF-CEM in peripheral blood samples can be realized, which has great significance for auxiliary diagnosis, curative effect evaluation and prognosis judgment of leukemia.