The invention relates to a sliding gear type differential device which comprises a sliding gear, rollers, roller shafts, roller frames, springs, roller shaft hoops, a supporting shaft and a power output shaft. The supporting shaft is positioned and supported through a round hole at the inner end of the power output shaft, the sliding gear is installed on the supporting shaft, the rollers are installed on the roller frames through the roller shafts to form a roller transmission assembly, and the roller transmission assembly and the sliding gear are symmetrically arranged; and bosses are evenly distributed at two ends of the sliding gear along the peripheral direction, and the rollers are installed at half positions of grooves of the bosses. When resisting moments at two ends of the power output shaft are same, the sliding gear is located between the two roller frames, and the power output shaft rotates along a same direction in a constant speed; when the resisting moments at two ends of the power output shaft are different, the sliding gear moves toward one end which has small moments, the end with the small moments drives rotation speeds to accelerate, and the rotation speeds at the end with the large moments are reduced; and when the resisting moments at two ends of the power output shaft differ in a certain range, power of the end with the large moments is interrupted, and the end with the small moments keep transmission of power so as to achieve speed differential.