The invention relates to a sensorless initial position detecting method for a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The sensorless initial position detecting method comprises the steps of: adopting a virtual pulsating high-frequency injection method for calculating a rotor position, injecting a high-frequency voltage into a virtual direct axis, establishing a virtual rotating coordinate system, utilizing the virtual rotating coordinate system and a mathematical model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor coordinate system to calculate straight-axis and quadrature-axis currents, multiplying a straight-axis current signal and a quadrature-axis current signal by a voltage frequency containing an injection signal and a cosine value of an assumed rotational frequency simultaneously and separately, subjecting the results to low-pass filtering, and deriving out arc tangent of the two currents after filtering to obtain the rotor position preliminarily; and utilizing a sine and cosine relationship between the straight-axis and quadrature-axis currents to further obtain the rotor position, adopting a carrier frequency component method to replace a secondary injection method for conducting magnetic pole judgment, and correcting N-S poles to obtain the actual rotor position. The sensorless initial position detecting method has the advantages of high precision and simple implementation, and can be used for improving the sensorless starting control precision of the permanent magnet synchronous motor used for fans, pumps, compressors or electric vehicles.