The invention belongs to the field of communication technology, and relates to a full-duplex environment backscattering communication system, a transmission method and a resource allocation method. According to the system of the invention, a full-duplex-type access point is configured with one or more antennas, and two modes of channel estimation and full-duplex backscattering communication are included; in a channel estimation mode, the access point sends a downlink pilot signal, a plurality of backscattering devices carry out backscattering by respective fixed backscattering coefficients according to a manner of division multiplexing, the access point estimates channels of all the backscattering devices, and a traditional user utilizes the received pilot signal to estimate a downlink channel thereof; and in a full-duplex communication mode, the access point sends a downlink data signal, the traditional user uses the estimated downlink channel to carry out signal receiving detection,the backscattering devices select backscattering coefficients according to information bits for backscattering, and the access point detects signals of the backscattering devices. The system can be used in a variety of low-power-consumption Internet-of-things communication scenes, and has higher practicability.