An oil containment boom capable of being laid rapidly comprises a strip-shaped oil containment boom body, wherein a plurality of floaters are installed on the oil containment boom body at intervals; each floater comprises a plate-shaped floater framework; the two sides of each floater framework are symmetrically provided with rotatable floating plates; every two floating plates can be flush with the corresponding floater framework so that all the floaters can be stacked together. The oil containment boom capable of being laid rapidly is simple in structure, and the floating plates providing buoyancy for the floaters can rotate to the position flush with the floater frameworks. When the oil containment boom is stored, the floaters can be stacked layer by layer like plates, the positions, among the floaters, of the oil containment boom body are folded and arranged in an S mode, and the oil containment boom in the stored state occupies a small space. When the oil containment boom needs to be laid, a user only needs to drag and unfold the oil containment boom body, then the floating plates rotate to the operation position freely, the oil containment boom is laid, operation is easy, and the laying speed is high. The floating plates and the floater frameworks are of a symmetrical structure respectively, great randomness is achieved when the oil containment boom is laid, the requirement for operation personnel is not high, and the laying speed is further increased.