The invention discloses an intelligent protection system for a flexible DC distribution network based on a neural network. Power grid data acquired by each sensor distributed at a distributed power generation side, a user side and a line of the DC distribution network are transmitted to a signal acquisition module, the data are converted to corresponding digital signals, the digital signals are transmitted to a central processing unit for analysis and processing, data classification is then carried out, signal feature extraction is carried out, and information reflecting the operation state of the power grid in real time can be obtained. If a fault signal is detected, a real-time database is entered, an expert database is called to the real-time database, after a fault type is diagnosed, a corresponding measure is taken, and a tripping / closing action of the system is controlled and executed. An artificial intelligence technology applicable to a complicated system and a computer technology are combined, the neural network is introduced, the expert database is updated continuously through the algorithm, fault diagnosis on the DC distribution line is more efficient, accurate and reliable, intelligent protection for the DC distribution line is realized, and the DC distribution system is ensured to operate safely and stably.