The invention provides a cathode protection potential follow-up control system under an oil and gas intelligent pipeline framework. Comprising an intelligent test pile RTU (remote terminal unit), a communication base station, a cloud server, a station control system of an SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system and a cathode protection potentiostat. All the devices work cooperatively to form a cathode potential follow-up control system, and an intelligent development framework of comprehensive sensing, data intercommunication, auxiliary decision making and intelligent management and control is achieved. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring parameter information such as potential, current, environment temperature and humidity, corrosion rate and soil parameters (moisture content, PH value and oxygen content) at a test pile along an oil and gas pipeline, fusing multi-parameter data, establishing an optimization model, dynamically optimizing, determining an optimization value of the current pipeline cathode protection potential, controlling the output of a cathode protection potentiostat, and determining the cathode protection potential of the pipeline. The protection reliability is greatly improved, manpower and material resources are saved, and the problems that dead zones exist in cathode protection, pipeline parameters cannot be monitored in real time and the like are solved.