The invention provides a method and device for ensuring in-chamber safety of small-caliber ammunition. The method comprises the steps that a the device used for ensuring the in-chamber safety is arranged in a small-caliber ammunition fuse, the device acts under the action of in-chamber recoil force in the shooting process for preventing a fuse isolating mechanism from moving, and then the fuse isolating mechanism is made in an isolated state; and after the ammunition is out of the chamber, the device is reset, and a restriction on the fuse isolating mechanism is removed. The device comprises a base, a limiting body, a safety pin, an elastic part, a containing groove, a first locating hole and a second locating hole, wherein a fastening part is arranged at one end of the containing groove, the elastic part enables the safety pin to be located in the containing groove or the containing groove and the first locating hole at ordinary times, and the safety pin compresses the elastic part to move under the action of the in-chamber recoil force to enable the first locating hole to be fixedly connected with the second locating hole in an inserted manner in the shooting process. According to the method and device for ensuring the in-chamber safety of the small-caliber ammunition, it is guaranteed that isolation cannot be removed through the fuse isolating mechanism in the chamber, and therefore an in-chamber explosion is avoided, and the in-chamber safety in the shooting process is guaranteed.