The invention discloses a positioning method of an electric field measuring device, which comprises the following steps: firstly, building a standard current source with the functions of simulating astandard electric dipole, recording a flight path and the like; secondly, arranging an electric field measuring device; thirdly, collecting environmental background electric field data; fourthly, collecting standard source electric field data; fifthly, constructing a state space model for positioning the electric field sensor; and finally, positioning the electric field sensor by using a Kalman filtering method according to the measured information such as the measured electric field signal, the track of the standard source and the like. The positioning method of the electric field measuring device is used for underwater electric field sensors, the positioning accuracy can reach 0.2 m, no equipment is required to be added on the basis of the electric field measuring device, the cost is low, the environment noise interference resistance is high, the device is not limited by the environment of a measuring area, and the positioning method of the electric field measuring device can be widely applied to the fields of ship electric field measurement evaluation, underwater positioning, geological exploration and the like.