The invention discloses a particle collection and detection system including a fixed base frame and a barometric pressure drive which are arranged in an automatic granulation machine drum, the fixed base frame is provided with a supporting shaft, the supporting shaft is provided with a box body fixing frame, the box body fixing frame is provided with at least one mining lighting box, the supporting shaft is provided with a sampling handle, the position of the sampling handle is corresponding to that of the mining lighting box, the sampling handle is welded with a sample guiding tube, the sampling handle and the sample guiding tube are driven to move by rotation of the supporting shaft for realization of particle sampling, the mining lighting box is provided with a particle collection device camera and a particle cleaning device. The barometric pressure drive is used as a power source to drive the sampling handle to collect particles, the particles are sent onto a detecting platform by the sample guiding tube, after a particle image is collected by the particle collection device camera, the particles are left the detecting platform and returned to the drum by the particle cleaning device, and the particle collection and detection system has the advantages of compact structure and simple composition, and can be quick and convenient in detection of size and shape features of the particles in the granulation machine drum.