38 results about "Redox mediator" patented technology

A method may comprise (a) inserting an insulin delivery device subcutaneously into a body of a subject, which comprises an amperometric glucose sensor comprising an electrode layer comprising an indicating electrode and underlying a redox-catalytic layer comprising a redox mediator; (b) using said insulin delivery device to deliver an insulin formulation (e.g., comprising a phenol or cresol excipient) subcutaneously to said subject; and (c) using said amperometric glucose sensor to measure a subcutaneous glucose concentration, which comprises using said redox-catalytic layer to allow electron transfer from subcutaneous glucose to said indicating electrode sufficient to cause a response of said amperometric glucose sensor at an applied bias potential of no more than +250 millivolts, wherein (b) and (c) are performed at the same time for at least one hour, while maintaining a sensor sensitivity of at least 50% of an initial sensor sensitivity for up to one hour.

A process for recovering silver from particles, for example, from ground photovoltaic cells, the process comprising the following successive steps: i) immersing silver-containing particles in a solution comprising a deep eutectic solvent and a redox mediator, thereby forming silver ions in solution; ii) separating the particles from the solution containing the silver ions; iii) performing electrolysis of the solution, thereby reducing the silver ions and regenerating the redox mediator. Figure for the abstract: 1

This application relates to the field of rare earth smelting and separation technology, and discloses an ultrasonic-enhanced electrochemical coupling process for the complete separation of rare earth oxides, comprising the following steps: adding a polyphosphate complexing agent and a redox mediator to a cerium-rich rare earth aqueous solution as the anolyte, and pumping it into a dual-chamber membrane electrolytic cell separated by a cation exchange membrane for circulation. An electroacoustic phase-controlled synchronous system is activated to perform periodic reverse-phase pulse operations of turning on the ultrasonic current to decrease and turning off the ultrasonic current to increase. When the trivalent cerium conversion rate reaches a first threshold, the pH is dynamically adjusted and the current is reduced; when it reaches a second threshold, the process is stopped and the temperature is raised to mature the complex salt crystalline phase. The slurry is hot-pressed and filtered; the filter cake is dephosphorized and washed by alkaline solid-phase decomposition, and then calcined at a constant temperature to obtain high-purity cerium dioxide powder. This invention employs a dual-chamber electrolysis technology scheme using polyphosphate complexation combined with a perfluorosulfonic acid cation exchange membrane, achieving the technical effect of zero cathode penetration of rare earth materials.

A method may comprise (a) inserting an insulin delivery device subcutaneously into a body of a subject, which comprises an amperometric glucose sensor comprising an electrode layer comprising an indicating electrode and underlying a redox-catalytic layer comprising a redox mediator; (b) using said insulin delivery device to deliver an insulin formulation (e.g., comprising a phenol or cresol excipient) subcutaneously to said subject; and (c) using said amperometric glucose sensor to measure a subcutaneous glucose concentration, which comprises using said redox-catalytic layer to allow electron transfer from subcutaneous glucose to said indicating electrode sufficient to cause a response of said amperometric glucose sensor at an applied bias potential of no more than +250 millivolts, wherein (b) and (c) are performed at the same time for at least one hour, while maintaining a sensor sensitivity of at least 50% of an initial sensor sensitivity for up to one hour.

An electrosynthetic cell and its use are disclosed. The electrosynthetic cell can be used in a reductive electrosynthesis of one or more desired chemical products from one or more chemical reactants. The electrosynthetic cell comprises a hydrogen anode half-cell and a cathode half-cell. The hydrogen anode half-cell comprises hydrogen (H2), a first liquid phase solution that is in contact with an anode and a heterogeneous redox catalyst capable of catalyzing the oxidation of H2 to H+, and a redox mediator capable of transferring or accepting electrons and / or protons while undergoing reduction or oxidation. The cathode half-cell comprises a second liquid phase solution comprising the one or more chemical reactants that is in contact with a cathode and a reductive synthesis catalyst capable of catalyzing the reductive synthesis of the one or more desired chemical products from the one or more chemical reactants.

The present invention concerns methods, test strips, systems and kits of parts suitable for detecting the presence of analytes within samples through the use of fuel cells. Use of the test strips, systems and kits in detecting the presence or absence of a target in a sample is also included. When target analytes are present in the sample, sandwich complexes are formed comprising the analyte, a magnetically moveable particle and a detectable species, such as a catalyst or redox mediator. Complexes are separated from other components of the sample by magnetic separation and detected as a response or change in response from a fuel cell.

The present disclosure generally relates to redox mediators or catalysts for various uses, such as in redox flow batteries. The redox mediator may be a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl or TEMPO-based redox mediator in aspects. In certain cases, such redox mediators may be useful in electrochemical devices, for example, in a battery such as a flow battery. In some embodiments, the flow battery may be based on bromide or another halide, e.g., acting as a catholyte. Other aspects are generally directed to flow batteries containing such redox mediators, methods of making or using such redox mediators, kits involving such redox mediators, or the like.

The invention relates to a manganese-based-hydrogen flow battery system, in particular to a manganese-based-hydrogen flow battery system based on a titanium halide salt composite additive. The core problems of MnO2 precipitation and accumulation, oxygen evolution side reaction and short cycle life in the manganese-based battery are solved through multi-mechanism collaborative innovation; according to the system, the manganese-based acidic electrolyte is adopted, and the electrochemical stability and the energy density are remarkably improved through the collaborative design of the titanium halide salt composite additive and the hydrogen electrode; titanium ions inhibit the disproportionation reaction of Mn < 3 + > by forming a physical barrier, complexing stability and an electronic regulation and control mechanism, meanwhile, a halogen redox mediator realizes Mn valence state dynamic balance through reversible redox circulation, chemical regeneration of MnO2 and efficient circulation of soluble Mn < 2 + > are promoted, and irreversible loss of active substances caused by irreversible precipitation of MnO2 is effectively inhibited; according to the invention, a technical path with economical efficiency, safety and sustainability is provided for large-scale energy storage, and the method is suitable for power grid level peak regulation and renewable energy consumption.

Electrolyte systems for lithium-based batteries address challenges including polysulfide shuttling, lithium dendrite formation, and strict electrolyte composition requirements through improved solvents, electron withdrawing compounds, lithium ion-transporting compounds, and performance enhancing additives. The electrolyte systems further incorporate phenyl-based chalcogenide compounds, including Diphenyl sulfide, Diphenyl diselenide, and Diphenyl ditelluride, as redox mediators having redox potentials proximate to the Li-S redox potential. The redox mediators undergo reduction at the cathode surface and diffuse through the electrolyte to mediate electron transfer to lithium polysulfides not in direct contact with conductive surfaces, facilitating conversion to Li2S and improving active material utilization. Diphenyl ditelluride demonstrates superior capacity enhancement across discharge rates from 0.1 C to 1 C. These developments provide synergistic benefits including improved charge / discharge capacity, Coulombic efficiency, cycle life, and sulfur utilization while reducing polysulfide shuttling and lithium dendrite formation.

Methods and systems are provided for redox mediated pre-lithiation of a lithium battery. An uncharged lithium ion battery includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The cathode includes a cathode active material and cathode pre-lithiation material and the electrolyte includes a redox mediator having a redox potential higher than a redox potential of the cathode pre-lithiation material and outside an operating voltage window of the cathode active material.

A microbial electrochemical cell for degrading waste materials into useful products and process of degradation thereof is described. The microbial electrochemical cell includes at least one compartment; at least two electrodes connected to an electrical source (A); the anode is disposed within an organic solvent (C) containing mixed and unsorted waste such as plastic, organic and inorganic wastes; one or more bacterial strains suspended within the organic solvent; the one or more bacterial strain form a biofilm (E) on the anode; the cathode is disposed in a redox mediator and buffer mixture (G); and a salt bridge or a membrane is provided to selectively transfer the ions between the organic solvent (C) containing the mixed and unsorted waste and the redox mediator and buffer mixture (G); where the waste material received within the anode chamber is transformed into an useful product.

To solve the problem that an alcohol sensor is not practical when used for a disposable sensor, and disadvantages thereof include sensor storage stability, response sensitivity, a concentration range, and the number of usable reduction-type redox mediators.SOLUTION: There is provided a disposable biosensor that has: a detection surface at least having a working electrode part and a reference electrode part; a first reagent which includes NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase, NAD(P)+, diaphorase, and an oxidized redox mediator, and is arranged on the working electrode part to form a working electrode; and a reference electrode material which is arranged on the reference electrode part to form a reference electrode.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7

The invention relates to a renewable fuel cell based on a heteropolyacid redox medium and a working method thereof. The invention relates to a unitized renewable fuel cell based on a heteropolyacid redox medium, and belongs to the technical field of fuel cells. The unitized renewable fuel cell is characterized in that a hydrogen-heteropolyacid electrochemical cell and a heteropolyacid chemical regeneration reactor are connected through a fluid pipeline; wherein the electrochemical tank is used for realizing electrochemical reaction, and the regeneration reactor is used for realizing chemical regeneration of a heteropolyacid redox medium; the heteropolyacid side electrode does not need a noble metal catalyst, and the noble metal load of the hydrogen electrode is lt; the electrochemical reaction and chemical regeneration are decoupled, so that the corrosion of transient potential oscillation to the catalyst is eliminated, and the durability is high under a dynamic working condition; the heteropolyacid aqueous solution is a homogeneous system, so that the conflict between hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments is avoided, and a complex hydrothermal regulation device is not needed; the technical defects of a traditional unitized renewable fuel cell URFC are overcome, the problems that precious metal depends on, hydrothermal management is complex, and dynamic working condition durability is poor are solved, and meanwhile energy conversion efficiency and economic benefits are improved.

Methods and systems are provided for redox mediated pre-lithiation of a lithium battery. An uncharged lithium ion battery includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The cathode includes a cathode active material and cathode pre-lithiation material and the electrolyte includes a redox mediator having a redox potential higher than a redox potential of the cathode pre-lithiation material and outside an operating voltage window of the cathode active material.

The present disclosure relates to a continuous oxygen sensor comprising a working electrode comprising carbon, and a redox mediator comprising a polymer, an electron transfer agent, and no enzyme; wherein the redox mediator is disposed on at least a portion of the working electrode. The present disclosure is further related to a dual analyte sensor which can sense oxygen and a second analyte of interest. The present disclosure is further related to a method of sensing oxygen, which includes exposing the continuous oxygen sensor, or dual sensor, to a biofluid comprising oxygen; applying a potential to the working electrode, wherein the potential is sufficient to induce an oxidation reduction cascade that reduces oxygen to water, hydrogen peroxide, or a combination thereof; obtaining a signal that is proportional to a concentration of oxygen in the biofluid; and correlating the signal to the concentration of oxygen in the biofluid.

A use of an iodine-containing ion-conductive additive in a sulfur positive electrode of a solid-state lithium-sulfur battery, and a positive electrode material and a preparation method therefor and a use thereof. The iodine-containing ion-conductive additive serves as a redox mediator to promote the oxidation of Li2S. During charging, I - in the iodine-containing ion-conductive additive is electrochemically oxidized to an oxidized iodine species at the interface between the iodine-containing ion-conductive additive and a conductive material in the sulfur positive electrode. The oxidized iodine species then chemically oxidizes Li2S in contact with the oxidized iodine species. The redox-mediated process on the surface of the iodine-containing ion-conductive additive enables a reaction at the two-phase interface between the iodine-containing ion-conductive additive and Li2S, thereby improving the solid-state reaction kinetics of sulfur. The iodine-containing ion-conductive additive comprises a compound containing iodine, lithium, and sulfur elements, wherein the molar amount of the iodine element in per mole of the iodine-containing ion-conductive additive satisfies 0<nI≤2. The iodine-containing ion-conductive additive enables the sulfur positive electrode of the solid-state lithium-sulfur battery and a battery prepared therefrom to have fast-charging performance and high cycle stability.

The present invention relates to the field of sensor technology, and discloses a preparation method and application of a glucose sensor constructed based on glucose dehydrogenase. This preparation method comprises: S1, taking MCNT-NH2 and placing it in ethanol for ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a dispersion of MCNT-NH2; then coating the MCNT-NH2 dispersion on a substrate to obtain an MCNT-NH2-modified substrate electrode; S2, adding PEG9, TH, PEI and FAD-GDH solution to water, mixing evenly, and heating in a water bath to obtain a hydrogel sensing film; S3, coating the hydrogel sensing film prepared by S2 on the surface of the substrate electrode prepared in S1, and allowing it to stand at room temperature. The present invention realizes the construction of a three-dimensional network of hydrogels by cross-linking redox mediators TH, glucose dehydrogenase and polymers, thereby increasing the loading amount of protease catalysts and mediators on the substrate surface; at the same time, the use of a mediator with a low formula potential improves the sensitivity, anti-interference and accuracy of the glucose sensor for glucose detection.

The present disclosure relates to a microneedle analyte sensing device for continuous monitoring of an analyte in a user's biological fluid, specifically designed for detecting ketone levels in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) management. The disclosed microneedle analyte sensing device utilizes dopamine (DA) molecules covalently linked to the microneedle patch's polymer structure or toluidine blue O (TBO), serving as a redox mediator for measuring the oxidation byproduct of 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB). The sensing mechanism relies on catechol-quinone chemistry, where a pre-oxidation approach correlates sensor response to β-HB concentrations. The device comprises a plurality of microneedles on a substrate that, when applied to the skin, penetrate the stratum corneum to contact biological fluid. At least one microneedle functions as a working electrode to detect an electrochemical signal from the enzymatic reaction with the analyte, while additional microneedles serve as counter and reference electrodes to facilitate accurate electrochemical measurements.

The application belongs to the field of bioelectrochemical sensors, and discloses a biosensor and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method is as follows: gold source solution is used as an electrolyte, an electrode part (including a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode) is placed in the electrolyte to perform electrochemical deposition, thereby uniformly depositing gold nanoparticles on the surface of the working electrode to prepare a gold nanoparticle modified working electrode; the deposition voltage is 0.4-0.6 V; a thiol-modified redox mediator-single-stranded DNA solution is added dropwise on the surface of the gold nanoparticle modified working electrode, and after incubation, the biosensor is prepared. The method can complete the direct deposition of gold nanoparticles on the surface of the working electrode through one-step operation, is simple and efficient, is conducive to batch production and application, and can be used for the detection of target nucleic acids.

The invention relates to a method for opening and discharging an electrochemical cell of an ionic insertion-disinsertion battery, comprising a casing in which are housed a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, which comprises the following operations: opening the electrochemical cell at the level of one or more zones of the casing, at least the opening zone(s) being brought into contact with a liquid L1, then discharging the electrochemical cell by bringing the cell into contact with a liquid L2, and which is characterized in that: - the liquid L1 comprises a solvent based on an alcohol and optionally a redox mediator, while the liquid L2 comprises a solvent based on an alcohol jointly with a redox mediator; and - the liquids L1 and L2 are free of chlorine.It also relates to a recycling process for an ionic insertion-disinsertion battery that employs this opening and discharging process. Applications: recycling of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, calcium-ion, or magnesium-ion batteries.

The invention discloses a method for rapidly detecting an interface structure of a solid electrolyte, which comprises the following steps: taking a powder microelectrode as a working electrode, soaking the working electrode in a first electrolyte, respectively taking two pieces of metal lithium as a reference electrode and a counter electrode, and testing for 3-5 circles by cyclic voltammetry to obtain an SEI-powder microelectrode; and taking the SEI-powder microelectrode as a working electrode, soaking the working electrode in a second electrolyte containing a redox mediator probe, taking a silver wire as a reference electrode and a carbon rod as a counter electrode, carrying out cyclic voltammetry test, and obtaining SEI membrane structure information through a CV curve. By adopting the powder microelectrode, the device has the advantages of remarkably improving steady-state diffusion current, being rapid in electrochemical reaction response, small in iR drop and high in signal-to-noise ratio, and can realize accurate measurement of rapid electrochemical reaction occurring in a short time; by adopting the redox mediator probe, the interface structure of the SEI can be rapidly and nondestructively tested, and the overall property and the internal structure of the SEI can be detected.

The invention relates to the field of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water, and particularly discloses a room-temperature step-by-step hydrogen production by electrolysis of water and formic acid production by biomass based on a redox medium and electrochemical-chemical circulation. The invention develops an innovative electrochemical-chemical circulating system, and effectively solves the challenges faced by the traditional water electrolysis technology, including low energy efficiency caused by slow oxygen evolution reaction and potential safety hazards caused by explosive H2 / O2 mixture. By adopting nickel hydroxide / nickel peroxide as a redox medium and utilizing biomass-derived glucose as a reducing agent, the system successfully realizes decoupling of a water decomposition process, so that low-energy-consumption hydrogen production can be realized under a mild condition, and high-selectivity formic acid can be efficiently synthesized; by combining cathode hydrogen evolution reaction with anode nickel hydroxide electrooxidation and assisting glucose-mediated nickel hydroxide regeneration, the system shows excellent performance indexes.

A device for delivery of an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measurement of subcutaneous glucose concentration may comprise a hollow tube, and an amperometric glucose sensor located proximal to a distal end of the hollow tube. The amperometric glucose sensor may comprise a redox mediator and an enzyme comprising glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. An applied bias potential may allow an electrode layer of the amperometric glucose sensor to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of an excipient of the insulin or insulin analog formulation during continuous operation of amperometric glucose sensor. A sensitivity of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration may be maintained in presence of the insulin or insulin analog formulation.

A method for re-lithiation of spent lithium iron phosphate is provided The method allows recovery of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) from spent lithium iron phosphate (FePO4) by an electrochemical process. The method is carried out in an electrochemical flow system where a redox mediator and spent lithium iron phosphate are placed in a catholytic tank, and a lithium ion solution is placed in the anolytic tank. When the flow system is electrically charged, lithium ions generated in the anolytic tank migrate to the catholytic tank and react with spent lithium iron phosphate (FePO4) to recover or regenerate lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). A system for carrying out the re-lithiation or recovery process is also provided.

Described herein are methods for producing silicon-containing structures using electrochemically generated solutions and chemical reduction of components in such solutions. For example, a cathode solution and an anode solution may be provided a reactor with the cathode solution comprising a cathode solution solvent, a cathode solution salt, and a redox mediator and with the anode solution comprising an anode solution solvent and an anode solution salt. A voltage is then applied between the cathode and anode thereby converting the redox mediator into a reducing agent forming a charged cathode solution. The method may proceed with adding a silicon-containing precursor to the charged cathode solution such that the reducing agent reacts with the silicon-containing precursor and forms silicon-containing structures and a precursor-mixture salt in the precursor mixture. The redox mediator is released into the precursor mixture during this operation. The method proceeds with separating the silicon-containing structures from the precursor mixture.

The present disclosure generally relates to redox mediators or catalysts for various uses, such as in redox flow batteries. The redox mediator may be a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl or TEMPO-based redox mediator in aspects. In certain cases, such redox mediators may be useful in electrochemical devices, for example, in a battery such as a flow battery. In some embodiments, the flow battery may be based on bromide or another halide, e.g., acting as a catholyte. Other aspects are generally directed to flow batteries containing such redox mediators, methods of making or using such redox mediators, kits involving such redox mediators, or the like.

A device for delivery of an insulin or insulin analog formulation and measurement of subcutaneous glucose concentration may comprise a hollow tube, and an amperometric glucose sensor located proximal to a distal end of the hollow tube. The amperometric glucose sensor may comprise a redox mediator and an enzyme comprising glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. An applied bias potential may allow an electrode layer of the amperometric glucose sensor to undergo substantially no electropolymerization of an excipient of the insulin or insulin analog formulation during continuous operation of amperometric glucose sensor. A sensitivity of the amperometric glucose sensor to the subcutaneous glucose concentration may be maintained in presence of the insulin or insulin analog formulation.

The invention relates to the technical field of polyurethane materials, and provides a composite foaming polyurethane material and application thereof. The composite foaming polyurethane material is composed of a component A and a component B, the component A contains di (hydroxyalkyl) anthraquinone, the component B is a polyisocyanate compound, and the chemical bonding weight of anthraquinone in the polyisocyanate compound is not less than 5%. An anthraquinone structure is introduced into the foaming type polyurethane material through two methods, meanwhile, a carbon-based material is added, the effect of anthraquinone serving as a redox mediator on promoting denitrification of nitrogen-containing sewage can be fully played, and the foaming type polyurethane material has high mechanical strength and durability.

The present disclosure relates to a sensing composition comprising a pyruvate responsive enzyme and a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). In particular, the sensing composition may comprise a pyruvate responsive enzyme (e.g., pyruvate oxidase), a TPP, an optional flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a stabilizer (e.g., albumin), and a redox mediator. The sensing composition forms a sensing layer on a working electrode to form a sensing electrode. The sensing electrode, together with an electrical circuit, may form part of a system for sensing pyruvic acid. The present disclosure further relates to a method for sensing pyruvic acid comprising accumulating a charge derived from the reaction of pyruvic acid with the sensing composition for a set period of time and then measuring a signal from the accumulated charge.

The present disclosure generally relates to redox mediators or catalysts for various uses, such as in redox flow batteries. The redox mediator may be a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl or TEMPO-based redox mediator in aspects. In certain cases, such redox mediators may be useful in electrochemical devices, for example, in a battery such as a flow battery. In some embodiments, the flow battery may be based on bromide or another halide, e.g., acting as a catholyte. Other aspects are generally directed to flow batteries containing such redox mediators, methods of making or using such redox mediators, kits involving such redox mediators, or the like.