The invention discloses a distributed optical fiber sensing system based on delay reservoir calculation and a signal identification and positioning method thereof. The system is composed of an input layer, a storage pool and an output layer. The input layer is provided with two nodes, one node is used for inputting a non-necessary reservoir excitation signal, and the other node is used for inputting an external vibration signal; the storage pool is composed of a delay nonlinear system, and a delay optical fiber of the delay nonlinear system is a sensing optical fiber; the output layer is provided with two nodes, one node outputs a vibration type, and the other node outputs a vibration position. The signal identification and positioning method comprises the following steps of: before a system is started, carrying out network training, and determining an output connection right according to a virtual node state of target output and training signals; and after the system is started, the output connection weight and the virtual node state of the to-be-detected vibration signal are utilized to obtain the output calculated by the reserve pool, namely the type and the position of the vibration signal. According to the invention, the light reserve pool is utilized to calculate strong learning ability, modeling ability and rapid processing ability, and accurate and real-time identification and positioning of external vibration are realized.