The invention discloses a control system of a supercapacitor energy storage device, which comprises an energy storage module, a power circuit module, a circuit switch module, a circuit switch control module, a control circuit module and a sampling module, wherein the energy storage module is connected with the power circuit module, the power circuit module is connected with the circuit switch module, the circuit switch module is connected with the circuit switch control module, the circuit switch control module is connected with the control circuit module, the control circuit module is connected with the sampling module, and the sampling module is connected with the energy storage module, the power circuit module and the circuit switch module. According to the invention, real-time sampling is carried out on operating conditions of each module in the system through the sampling module, the control circuit module gives out a control instruction according to a real-time sampling result of the sampling module, and the energy storage module is controlled to carry out charging, discharging or being in a standby state, thereby realizing the purposes of energy recovery, storage and reutilization.