36results about How to "Signals is relatively small" patented technology

Devices, systems and methods for applying electrical impulse(s) to one or more selected nerves are described. An electrical stimulator is introduced through a to a target location within, adjacent to, or in close proximity with, the carotid sheath. The stimulator has an antenna that allows it to be powered solely by far-field or approximately plane wave electromagnetic radiation, having frequencies in the range of 0.3 to 10 GHz. Electrical impulses are applied through the stimulator to a vagus nerve to stimulate, block or otherwise modulate activity of the nerve and treat the patient's condition. The stimulator uses an adjustable number of fixed voltage (or fixed current) pulses with fixed duration to elicit desired changes in nerve response, the timing of which are controlled by an external power transmitter and controller.

Diamond look-alikes like cubic zirconium, moissanite and other synthetic stones, are distinguishable from nature diamonds based on their thermal and / or electrical conductivities. Germ testers that are on the market are capable of evaluating these two parameters as is the present invention. Electrical resistance of moissanites reaches hundreds of thousands megohms. Existing gem esters use test voltage of 1000 volts, to be able to detect electrical conductivity in most moissanites. Still, reliable detection of high resistance moissanites is difficult. Proposed invention uses significant photo conductivity of moissanites, which was observed by the inventors, to facilitate measurement of electrical conductivity in the toughest gems, to reduce test voltage applied to gems to 300 volts, and to limit electrical test current through a gem to no more than a few micro-amps. Other refinements include: (1) multistep evaluation of electrical conductivity, which avoids applying excessive or unnecessary test voltage and current to a gem, (2) circuit design, which efficiently attenuates AC noise, (3) signal processing, which eliminates industrial pick-up, (4) usage of reference temperature sensor, which improves sensibility and repeatability of thermal measurements.

Conventional modulation envelope demodulators for amplitude modulated signals (e.g. ASK coded signals RX) contain rectifier elements which extract a baseband signal BB. Disadvantageously, due to a non-linear characteristic of the rectifier elements, an amplitude of the baseband signal BB depends on an amplitude of the high-frequent carrier signal. The present invention discloses an improved demodulation circuit for demodulating of ASK coded or amplitude modulated signals. This is achieved by using a sampling mixer 4 and a phase adjusting regulation loop (5) by means of which the sampling of the ASK coded signal RX at its maxima is performed with high accuracy. Due to the absence of any rectifying elements, the baseband signal BB can be fully extracted from the ASK coded signals RX.

A transmitter in an OFDM-MIMO wireless communication system uses multiple antennas to transmit each data stream. Before the coded binary bits are mapped into channel symbols, they are divided into two groups. One group is mapped to a channel symbol as in a conventional system. Another group of binary bits is used to generate a spatial mapping index. The spatial mapping index determines which antenna is to be used to transmit the channel symbol for each subcarrier. Effectively, information bits are jointly represented by a combination of a channel symbol and an antenna that transmits the channel symbol. Therefore, to achieve the same data rate, a smaller signal constellation is required. In addition, spatial diversity can be achieved which is similar to traditional switching diversity. The number of non-zero subcarriers is reduced by half on average, which results in a lower peak to average ratio than conventional OFDM systems.

A sensor for measuring the moisture and salinity of a material is disclosed herein. The sensor preferably includes a soil moisture circuit, a soil salinity circuit and a probe structure. The soil moisture circuit includes a high frequency oscillator, a voltage meter and a reference capacitor. The soil salinity circuit includes a low frequency oscillator, a voltage meter and a reference resistor. A third voltage meter allows for voltage outputs to be measured to calculate soil moisture and soil salinity values.

Disclosed is a device for detecting defects which are deep in electrically conductive materials in a non-destructive manner, comprising an excitation device provided with induction coils which are used to produce low frequency eddy currents in the material, and a receiving device for the magnetic field of the eddy currents, the magnetic field being modified by the defects, and the receiving device comprising a gradiometer magnetic field sensors with an integrated bridge circuit.

In a common mode choke coil, electrodes of input / output terminals are located on a bottom surface of a bottom layer. First linear conductors and second linear conductors are located on base material layers. A primary coil includes the first linear conductors and via hole conductors. A secondary coil includes the second linear conductors and via hole conductors. In a plan view as seen from a direction of winding axes of the primary coil and the secondary coil, as for a plurality of first linear conductors and second linear conductors which are adjacent in a plan direction, there are provided a first region in which the second linear conductors are located between the first linear conductors, and a second region in which the first conductors are located between the second linear conductors.