The invention discloses a low-noise weak signal acquisition circuit system, and the system comprises a low-noise variable gain amplification circuit, a driving module, an adjustable active band-pass filtering network, a startup and shutdown noise reduction circuit, a power amplification module and an anti-distortion detection circuit. Aiming at the defects that weak and small signals are weak in signal driving capability, high in signal processing difficulty, easy to introduce noise in a signal processing process and the like, a variable gain amplification circuit and an anti-distortion detection circuit based on a chopping technology are adopted to adaptively improve the signal amplitude (mV magnitude), and the frequency spectrums of the signals and the noise of the amplifier are separated; a second-order adjustable active band-pass filter network is adopted to separate useful signals from noise, and the bandwidth and gain of the filter network can be flexibly adjusted; in addition, a power-on and power-off noise reduction circuit is adopted to perform power-on and power-off noise reduction on the power amplification module, and finally the whole circuit system outputs analog signals which are low in noise, high in driving capacity, certain in voltage amplitude and free of distortion.