62 results about "Initial dose" patented technology

Described herein are systems and methods for applying extremely low duty-cycle stimulation sufficient to treat chronic inflammation with progressively longer delays (off periods) from an initial stimulation. In particular, described herein are supra-threshold pulses of electrical stimulation sufficient to result in a long-lasting (e.g., >48 hours) inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and / or effects of chronic inflammation; the delay between initial doses (which may be single-pulse doses) may be extended for subsequent doses, potentially dramatically enhancing battery and device longevity.

A chewing gum delivery system has nicotine, gum base and a buffer system with an improved release rate for the nicotine. The resulting delivery system advantageously provides a convenient, reliable, practical, and relatively painless system for delivering an active. The delivery system is capable of delivering initial and second doses of a craving reduction active or other actives (e.g., nicotine), the combination of which rapidly reduces cravings, or provides some other pharmacological effect, and provides the pharmacological effect or protection from such cravings over a prolonged period of time beyond the initial dose. Notably, the delivery system is capable of rapidly achieving a pharmacologically effective concentration of the active (e.g., nicotine) in the bloodstream (e.g., within 5 minutes, or more desirably within 3 minutes, or in some cases, within 1-2 minutes), and is also capable of keeping the concentration of the active in the bloodstream at or near the pharmacologically effective concentration for at least 20 minutes after chewing of the delivery system begins, or more desirably about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes after chewing begins.

A purpose of the present invention is to provide a method capable of more effectively prescribing an anti-human PD-1 antibody for anti-cancer therapy, a method for estimating or optimizing therapeutic efficacy thereof, and further an efficacy marker that can be used in methods thereof. The present invention enables selection of the cancer patient in whom the therapeutic efficacy of the anti-human PD-1 antibody can be expected in future, by measuring the change which is more than a certain level of several kinds of efficacy markers in blood, after administering the initial dose or doses of the anti-human PD-1 antibody compared to that prior to administering the initial dose, and provides a new prescription of the anti-human PD-1 antibody for anti-cancer therapy.

A two-stage medicine delivery system provides an initial dose of medicine and a second dose of medicine. The initial and second doses are capable of achieving a rapid pharmacological effect and a prolonged pharmacological effect, respectively. The two-stage medicine delivery system preferably delivers a craving reduction substance, in which case, the rapid and prolonged pharmacological effects include a rapid and prolonged craving reduction. Preferably, the delivery system is a nicotine delivery system which is provided in chewing gum form or lozenge form and which provides the nicotine in a transmucosally absorbable form. The two-stage medicine delivery system preferably releases a buffering agent which increases a pH level in a user's mouth to facilitate absorption of the medicine when the delivery system is placed in the user's mouth. A method of making the medicine delivery system also is provided. The system and apparatus can be adapted to reduce cravings for alcohol, food, drugs (e.g., cocaine, opiates and the like) and tobacco products, especially tobacco products containing nicotine.

Methods of treating sleep disorders, particularly certain aspects of insomnia, in elderly patients (65 years and older) by administering initial daily dosages of doxepin of 1-3 mg. These ultra-low initial dosages are more effective in elderly versus non-elderly patients in decreasing wake time during sleep, latency to persistent sleep and wake time after sleep, and are particularly efficacious in treating those conditions in the last hour of an 8-hour sleep cycle. Also, the dosages described herein are safe for elderly individuals.

A system and method for predicting, proposing and / or evaluating suitable medication dosing regimens for a specific individual as a function of individual-specific characteristics and observed responses of the specific individual. Mathematical models of observed patient responses are used in determining an initial dose. The system and method use the patient's observed response to the initial dose to refine the model for use to forecast expected responses to proposed dosing regimens more accurately for a specific patient. More specifically, the system and method uses Bayesian averaging, Bayesian updating and Bayesian forecasting techniques to develop patient-specific dosing regimens as a function of not only generic mathematical models and patient-specific characteristics accounted for in the models as covariate patient factors, but also observed patient-specific responses that are not accounted for within the models themselves, and that reflect variability that distinguishes the specific patient from the typical patient reflected by the model.

The present invention relates to a method of suppressing organ rejection in a patient receiving an organ transplant by initiating oral treatment with a once-daily extended release tacrolimus dosage form, for example, at an initial dose of from about 0.15 to about 0.20 mg / kg / day within 24 or 48 hours following transplantation. The once-daily extended release tacrolimus dosage form (i) provides low fluctuation and / or swing of tacrolimus, (ii) provides a significantly lower Cmax than an immediate release formulation of tacrolimus while providing the same or greater area under the curve (AUC), (iii) releases the tacrolimus substantially in the colon and / or the lower ileum, (iv) releases at most 63.5% of the tacrolimus in the dosage form at the 12 hour time point, or (v) any combination of any of the foregoing.

An opioid receptor agonist is a powerful effect analgesic medicine which is clinically and widely used, morphine is representative, and the medicine can effectively relieve pain of patients, particularly for pain of people after an operation and in the terminal cancer. However, opioids are easy to cause tolerance and hyperalgesia of patients, and the tolerance and the hyperalgesia can be easily formed within one week. Once the tolerance and the hyperalgesia are formed, dosage is continuously increased to continue to maintain the effect of alleviating pain, namely that organisms need a massivedose of medicines to achieve the effect of alleviating pain as the initial dose, but the higher dose can cause serious hyperalgesia, tolerance, constipation, addiction and respiratory depression. Cobra neurotoxin polypeptide can restrain the hyperalgesia and the tolerance of the opioids, and can also improve the treatment effects of opioids, and when the cobra neurotoxin polypeptide and the opioids are combined together for use, the opioids can alleviate pain at the lower dose and does not generate tolerance and hyperalgesia, so that the clinical technical problem that the opiods cannot be used for a long term can be solved.