The invention relates to a surface residual stress ultrasonic detection method capable of achieving direct coupling wave generation, and belongs to the technical filed of ultrasonic detection. According to the method, a wave generation mode of coupling agent direct coupling is adopted, ultrasonic waves pass through a single coupling agent medium and directly emit into a measured material, and an adopted direct coupling wave generation ultrasonic probe is in a one-emitting double-receiving stress measurement mode. Firstly, the direct coupling wave generation ultrasonic probe is designed and assembled, the assembled direct coupling wave generation ultrasonic probe is placed on the surface of the measured material, and the measurement cardinal plane is kept in full contact with the surface. A coupling agent is stably injected into a coupling agent cavity from a valve opening, an ultrasonic wave direct spreading passageway is formed, and surface residual stress ultrasonic detection is carried out. According to the method, wave generation and coupling are completed at the same time, fewer ultrasonic wave spreading interfaces exist, the quality of received signals is guaranteed, and the signal to noise ratio is increased. According to the adopted stress measurement mode, transit time difference calculation precision is guaranteed, and the measurement spatial resolution is improved.