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This invention discloses a method for assessing the technical condition of highway bridges based on matrix operations, belonging to the fields of bridge engineering and computer application technology. Based on a four-level hierarchical assessment system, this invention constructs a matrix operation model framework. Through complete matrix chain operations—creating an initial matrix, a defect scaling matrix, a deduction matrix, a sorting matrix, an actual deduction matrix, and a component score matrix—it unifies steps such as component defect deduction, the impact of multiple defects, and weight synthesis into a standardized matrix transformation process. Then, it calculates component technical condition scores, constructs component score vectors, and combines weight corrections to calculate structural scores and overall bridge scores. Finally, it determines the bridge's technical condition level by referring to a grading table. This invention transforms the complex assessment process into standardized matrix operations, significantly improving assessment efficiency and accuracy, and achieving automation and standardization of the assessment process.