The invention discloses an optimization design method of a step-stress accelerated degradation test, comprising the following steps of: firstly, determining a product performance degeneration model, an accelerated model and reliability functions; secondly, establishing an objective function; thirdly, determining a constraint condition and an optimization variable; and fourthly, realizing an optimization algorithm. When the asymptotic variance of the p quantile life reliability is calculated by using minimum asymptotic variance of p quantile life reliability as a target, the local derivation of the reliability function is solved by adopting a differential mode. The optimization design method solves the problems of seeking complicated function derivation difficultly, making a mistake easily, and the like. According to engineering experience, a constraint condition of monitoring times under any stress is supplied, a test optimizing result has an engineering actual significance, calculation times are greatly reduced by the restriction of M1.>=M2>= etc.>=Mk>=10, and the test optimization rate is increased. The test stress is used as the optimization variable, a stress level constraint condition is supplied according to practical conditions, and a test scheme can be systematically and roundly optimized.