The invention discloses a cognitive assessment method and system based on virtual reality. The system comprises an information inputting module, an intelligent conversion module, a processor module, a facial induction module, an electroencephalogram induction module and a VR (Virtual Reality) device module. On the basis of a traditional scale, the method overcomes the problems of the traditional scale on the aspects of application, operation, user experience and the like, in addition, the method combines scale assessment, micro-expression information and electroencephalogram information to judge a user cognition situation, a provided assessment result is more comprehensive, detailed and objective and is higher in reliability, and the method is the cognitive assessment method which has the advantages of being automatic in scale selection, simple in operation, good in user experience effects and good in assessment effects. The method exhibits wide applicability, has a low requirement on operation personnel, and is suitable to be popularized and used in basic medical institutions which lack professional medical care personnel.