The invention relates to a heavy metal wastewater treatment process, comprising the following continuous steps of: pretreatment, solid-liquid separation treatment and filtration treatment, wherein, the filtration treatment means the preliminary filtration, positive ion adsorption treatment and negative ion adsorption treatment to supernatant obtained in the pretreatment step sequentially, the positive ion adsorption treatment adopts a medium of activated zeolite, and the negative ion adsorption treatment adopts a medium of active carbon. Correspondingly, a filtering device applied in an apparatus of the process includes a preliminary filter, an activated zeolite positive ion adsorber and an active carbon negative ion adsorber sequentially communicated with one another. Compared with the prior art, the heavy metal wastewater treatment process and the apparatus can recover the reclaimed water for producing domestic and production water, on the one hand, the treatment process costs are greatly saved, medium and small-sized enterprises can also afford to the process and apparatus, and the application range is broader; and on the other hand, the treatment capacity in unit time is larger, and the recovery rate of reclaimed water is higher.